Unitarian and Universalist Women

Many Unitarian and Universalist women were among the activists who worked for womens rights; others were leaders in the arts, humanities, politics and other fields. Â  The list below is fairly extensive and includes women from before the Unitarian and Universalist movements merged as well as afterwards, and also includes some women from neighboring movements including Ethical Culture. Listed in order of their birth years. American unless otherwise indicated. Anne Bradstreet 1612-1672 Nonconformist poet, writer; descendents include Unitarians William Ellery Channing, Wendell Phillips, Oliver Wendell Holmes Anna Laetitia Aiken Barbauld 1743-1825 Unitarian (British) activist, poet Judith Sargent Murray 1751-1820 Universalist poet and author; wrote essay on feminism: On the Equality of the Sexes in 1790 (Rossi, 1973) Mary Wollstonecraft 1759-1797 Unitarian; married Unitarian minister author, wrote Vindication of the Rights of Woman in 1792) and Maria or the Wrongs of Woman; mother of Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley, author. Mary Moody Emerson 1774-1863 Unitarian writer; many of her unpublished writings foreshadow the ideas of her nephew, Ralph Waldo Emerson Maria Cook 1779-1835 Universalist jailed after preaching Universalism Lucy Barnes 1780-1809 Universalist Universalist writer, poet Eliza Lee Cabot Follen 1787-1860 Unitarian childrens author, abolitionist; she, with husband Charles Follen, Harvard German instructor, introduced the Christmas tree custom to America Eliza Farrar 1791-1870 Quaker, Unitarian childrens author, abolitionist Lucretia Mott 1793-1880 Quaker, Free Religious Association reformer: abolition, feminism, peace, temperance, liberal religion; cousin of Phebe Hanaford (also on this list) Frederika Bremer 1801-1865 Unitarian (Swedish) novelist, feminist, pacifist Harriet Martineau 1802-1876 British Unitarian writer, social critic, journalist, feminist Lydia Maria Child 1802-1880 Unitarian author, abolitionist, reformer; wrote An Appeal in Favor of That Class of Americans Called Africans and Over the River and Through the Woods Dorothea Dix 1802-1887 Unitarian mental health reformer, prison reformer, poet Elizabeth Palmer Peabody 1804-1894 Unitarian, Transcendentalist (teacher, author, reformer; sister to Mary Peabody Mann and Sophia Peabody Hawthorne (both also on this list); close associate of William Ellery Channing Sarah Flower Adams 1805-1848 Unitarian (British) hymn writer: Nearer My God to Thee Mary Tyler Peabody Mann 1806-1887 Unitarian educator; sister to Elizabeth Palmer Peabody and Sophia Peabody Hawthorne (both on this list), married to Horace Mann Maria Weston Chapman 1806-1885 Unitarian abolitionist Mary Carpenter 1807-1877 Unitarian (British) abolitionist, teacher, juvenile justice reformer Sophia Peabody Hawthorne 1809-1871 Unitarian author and writer; sister to Elizabeth Parker Peabody and Mary Peabody Mann (both also on this list), married to Nathaniel Hawthorne Fanny Kemble 1809-1893 Unitarian (British) poet, Shakespearean actress; author of Journal of a Residence on a Georgian Plantation in 1838-39 Margaret Fuller 1810-1850 Unitarian, Transcendentalist American writer, journalist, and philosopher; friend of Ralph Waldo Emerson Elizabeth Gaskell 1810-1865 Unitarian writer, reformer, wife of Unitarian minister William Gaskell Ellen Sturgis Hooper 1812-1848 Transcendentalist Unitarian poet, sister of Caroline Sturgis Tappan (also on this list) Elizabeth Cady Stanton 1815-1902 Unitarian suffragist, organizer, writer, co-author of The Womans Bible, mother of Harriot Stanton Blatch (also on this list) Lydia Moss Bradley 1816-1908 Unitarian and Universalist educator, philanthropist, founded Bradley University Charlotte Saunders Cushman 1816-1876 Unitarian actor Lucy N. Colman 1817-1906 Universalist abolitionist, feminist, freethinker Lucy Stone 1818-1893 Unitarian feminist, suffragist, abolitionist; married Henry Brown Blackwell whose sisters were Elizabeth Blackwell and Emily Blackwell (both on this list) and whose brother Samuel Blackwell married Antoinette Brown Blackwell (also on this list); mother of Alice Stone Blackwell (also on this list) Sallie Holley 1818-1893 Unitarian abolitionist, educator Maria Mitchell 1818-1889 Unitarian astronomer Caroline Sturgis Tappan 1819-1868 Transcendentalist Unitarian poet, childrens author, sister of Ellen Sturgis Hooper (also on this list) Julia Ward Howe 1819-1910 Unitarian, Free Religious Association writer, poet, abolitionist, social reformer; author of Battle Hymn of the Republic; promoter of Mothers Day for Peace; mother of Laura E. Richards and married to Samuel Gridley Howe, founder of the Perkins School for the Blind, researcher Lydia Pinkham 1819-1883 Universalist (eclectic) patent medicine inventor, businesswoman, advertising writer, advice columnist Florence Nightingale 1820-1910 British Unitarian nurse; founded nursing as a modern profession; mathematician: invented the pie chart Mary Ashton Rice Livermore 1820-1905 lecturer,suffragist, temperance advocate, helped organize Civil War Sanitary Commission Susan Brownell Anthony 1820-1906 Unitarian and Quaker reformer, suffragist) Alice Cary1820-1871 Universalist author, poet, abolitionist, suffragist; sister of Phoebe Cary (also on this list) Clara Barton 1821-1912 Universalist American Red Cross founder Elizabeth Blackwell 1821-1910 Unitarian and Episcopalian physician, sister of Emily Blackwell, sister of Samuel Blackwell who was married to Antoinette Brown Blackwell, and of Henry Blackwell, married to Lucy Stone (Emily Blackwell, Antoinette Brown Blackwell, and Lucy Stone are on this list) Caroline Wells Healey Dall 1822-1912 Unitarian reformer, author Frances Power Cobbe 1822-1904 Unitarian (British) feminist, anti-vivisectionist Elizabeth Cabot Cary Agassiz 1822-1907 Unitarian scientist, author, educator, first president of Radcliffe College; married to Louis Agassiz Sarah Hammond Palfrey 1823-1914 writer; daughter of John Gorham Palfrey Phoebe Cary 1824-1871 Universalist poet, abolitionist, suffragist; sister of Alice Cary (also on this list) Ednah Dow Littlehale Cheney 1824-1904 Universalist, Unitarian, Free Religious Association civil rights activist, suffragist, editor, speaker Antoinette Brown Blackwell 1825-1921 Congregational and Unitarian minister minister, author, lecturer: possibly the first woman ordained as a Protestant minister in the US by a recognized denomination; later married Samuel Blackwell, brother of Elizabeth and Emily Blackwell and of Henry Blackwell who was married to Lucy Stone (Elizabeth and Emily Blackwell and Lucy Stone are on this list) Frances Ellen Watkins Harper 1825-1911 Unitarian writer, poet, abolitionist, feminist, temperance advocate Emily Blackwell 1826-1910 Unitarian physician, sister of Elizabeth Blackwell, of Samuel Blackwell who was married to Antoinette Brown Blackwell, and of Henry Blackwell who was married to Lucy Stone (Lucy Stone, Elizabeth Blackwell, and Antoinette brown Blackwell are on this list) Matilda Joslyn Gage 1826-1898 Unitarian suffragist, reformer; her daughter Maud married L. Frank Baum, author of The Wizard of Oz. Gage retained her membership in the Baptist church; later became a Theosophist. [picture] Maria Cummins 1827-1866 Unitarian author Barbara Bodichon 1827-1891 Unitarian (British) artist, landscape watercolorist; writer, cofounder of Griton college; feminist activist Phebe Ann Coffin Hanaford 1829-1921 Universalist minister, author, poet, suffragist; cousin of Lucretia Mott (also on this list) Abigail May Williams 1829-1888 Emily Dickinson 1830-1886 Transcendentalist poet; Thomas Wentworth Higginson, Unitarian minister, was an important figure in her career Helen Hunt Jackson 1830-1885 Transcendentalist author; proponent of Indian rights; no church connection as an adult Louisa May Alcott 1832-1888 Transcendentalist author, poet; best known for Little Women Jane Andrews 1833-1887 Unitarian educator, childrens author Rebecca Sophia Clarke 1833 -1906 Unitarian childrens author Annie Adams Field 1834-1915 Unitarian author, literary hostess, charity worker; married to James Fields, editor of the Atlantic; after his death lived with Sarah Orne Jewitt, author Olympia Brown 1835-1926 Universalist minister, suffragist Augusta Jane Chapin 1836-1905 Universalist minister, activist; one of the chief organizers of the Parliament of the Worlds Religions, 1893, especially of participation of many women of a variety of faiths in this event Ada C. Bowles 1836-1928 Universalist suffragist, abolitionist, temperance supporter, home economist Fanny Baker Ames 1840-1931 Unitarian charity organizer; suffragist, teacher; leader of the Unitarian Womens Auxiliary Conference Charlotte Champe Stearns Eliot 1843-1929 Unitarian author, reformer; father-in-law was William Greenleaf Eliot, Unitarian minister and founder of Washington University, St. Louis; son was T.S. Eliot, poet Eliza Tupper Wilkes 1844-1917 Universalist and Unitarian minister Emma Eliza Bailey 1844-1920 Universalist Universalist minister) Celia Parker Woolley 1848-1919 Unitarian, Free Religious Association minister,social reformer Ida Husted Harper 1851-1931 Unitarian journalist, historian and biographer and press expert for the woman suffrage movement Anna Garlin Spencer 1851-1931 Free Religious Association minister, writer, educator, NAACP founder, social reformer; also wife of Unitarian minister William B. Spencer; though Spencer was associated with Unitarian, Universalist, and Ethical Culture congregations, she identified with the broader free religion Mary Augusta Safford 1851-1927 Unitarian minister Eleanor Elizabeth Gordon 1852-1942 Unitarian minister Maud Howe Elliott 1854-1948 Unitarian author, social reformer; daughter of Julia Ward Howe (also on this list) Maria Baldwin 1856-1922 Unitarian educator, reformer, first African American woman principal Harriot Stanton Blatch 1856-1940 Unitarian suffragist; daughter of Elizabeth Cady Stanton (also on this list) Alice Stone Blackwell 1857-1950 Unitarian suffragist, reformer; daughter of Lucy Stone (also on this list) and Henry Brown Blackwell Fannie Farmer 1857-1915 Unitarian (and Universalist?) cookbook author, teacher of cooking and dietetics; first to write recipes wit exact measurements Ida C. Hultin 1858-1938 Unitarian and Universalist minister; spoke at 1893 Parliament of the Worlds Religions Caroline Julia Bartlett Crane 1858-1935 Unitarian minister, social reformer, sanitation reformer Carrie Clinton Chapman Catt 1859-1947 Unitarian connections suffragist, pacifist, founder of League of Women Voters Ellen Gates Starr 1859-1940 Unitarian roots, converted to Roman Catholicism co-founder of Hull House, labor activist, Socialist Charlotte Perkins Stetson Gilman 1860-1935 Unitarian (feminist, speaker, author of Herland, The Yellow Wallpaper) Jane Addams 1860-1935 Presbyterian social reformer, settlement house founder; author of Twenty Years at Hull House; attended All Souls Unitarian Church in Chicago and the Ethical Culture Society in Chicago for many years; was briefly an Interim Lecturer at the Ethical Society; retained her membership in a Presbyterian congregation Florence Buck 1860-1925 Unitarian minister, religious educator, writer Kate Cooper Austin1864-1902 Universalist, freethinker feminist, anarchist, writer Alice Ames Winter 1865-1944 Unitarian Womans Club leader, author; daugher of Fanny Baker Ames (also on this list) Beatrix Potter 1866-1943 Unitarian (British) artist, author; wrote Peter Rabbit series Emily Greene Balch 1867-1961 Unitarian, Quaker 1946 Nobel Prize for Peace; economist, pacifist, a founder of the Womens International League for Peace and Freedom Katherine Philips Edson 1870-1933 Unitarian suffragist, reformer, labor arbitrator (Sara) Josephine Baker 1873-1945 Unitarian health reformer, physician, public health administrator Amy Lowell 1874-1925 Unitarian poet Edna Madison McDonald Bonser 1875-1949 Universalist minister, religious educator; first woman minister in Illinois Clara Cook Helvie 1876-1969 minister Sophia Lyon Fahs 1876-1978 Unitarian Universalist religious educator, minister Ida Maud Cannon 1877-1960 Unitarian social worker; known as founder of medical social work Margaret Sanger 1883-1966 birth control advocate, social reformer Marjorie M. Brown 1884-1987 Unitarian (uthor, Lady in Boomtown Maja V. Capek 1888-1966 Unitarian (Czechoslovakian) Unitarian minister; helped create the Flower Communion and introduce it to Unitarians in America and Europe Margaret Barr 1897? - 1973 Unitarian (British) educator, administrator, helped create Unitarian church movement in Khasi Hills, India; friend of Gandhi May Sarton 1912-1995 Unitarian Universalist poet, author Sylvia Plath poet Malvina Reynolds songwriter, folksinger Frances Moore Lappe author, nutritionist, activist: wrote Diet for a Small Planet Jewel Graham Unitarian Universalist social welfare educator; President, World YWCA

Philosophy Life and Death Free Essay Example, 750 words

ï » ¿Philosophy Life and Death Gilgamesh, in the Epic of Gilgamesh, is on a journey to find the cure for death after becoming distressed with the feeling that he too would someday die. After an unsuccessful search, he finally meets Utnapishtim, who gives him the right cure for death, a spiky plant (McCaughrean & Parkins 15). However, on his way back home, an old snake eats the spiky plant and becomes young. He thus loses his chance of becoming immortal. From Gilgamesh, there are two world views that emerge from people and beings. First, as much as all human beings desire to live forever, the fact is that everyone will get old and die. However, when people can be given chances to become immortal, then they will immediately accept the chances to live forever, but the fact is that nobody can resist death. Secondly, nobody easily accepts death, and people usually do what they can, to survive difficult situations. This is the reason as to why many people readily pay for expensive medical covers, to safeguard their liv es, and even drink chemical concoctions to conquer death. We will write a custom essay sample on Philosophy Life and Death or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page This also applies to death too; when we expect it, then we will not bother us. Lao-tzu’s â€Å"Tao Te Ching†, is an extremely difficult piece to interpret and understand due to the repletion used, and use of highly difficult-to-interpret symbolism. According to my understanding â€Å"tao† apparently means road or way. In other words, it is a way of doing things. Similarly, â€Å"tao† has some etymologic relationships with the moon. This further indicates how this â€Å"way or road†, is beyond people’s understanding and description. For example, according to Stephen Mitchell’s translation of this piece, it is written, â€Å"The tao that can be told is not the eternal tao† (Lao-tzu 1), meaning â€Å"tao† is not Buddha, but is something that cannot be changed liked kindness and justice. Additionally, â€Å"tao† is not a spiritual being; however, when it enters the myriad state of being, it remains in a non-being state. I guess Lao-tzu is describing some life’s unavoidable experiences suc h as death. It is something that every human being will face; therefore, everybody must be psychologically prepared to meet its wrath. The first noble of truth is â€Å"life means suffering† (McDougall 7). This is because human being, including the world we live in, is not perfect. Additionally, people usually suffer from sickness, pain, old age, injury, and eventually, death, during their life time (McDougall 7). Moreover, people have to endure psychological suffering such as frustration, depression, sadness, fear, and disappointments. The second noble of truth is â€Å"the origin of suffering is attachment† (McDougall 7). According to this noble truth, suffering originates from attachment to ignorance and transient things. Transient things include physical objects and all objects of an individual’s perception. Ignorance, on the other hand, is the lack of understanding of how the mind is attached to impermanent objects (McDougall 7). The third noble truth is â€Å"The cessation of suffering is attainable† (McDougall 8). This noble truth asserts that suffering can be adjourned by attaini ng dispassion, in other words, by removing the cause of suffering. The last noble truth is â€Å"the path to the cessation of suffering† (McDougall 8). This path is a gradual path of self-improvement. It falls in between extremes of excessive self-mortification (asceticism) and excessive self-indulgence (hedonism) (McDougall 8). This path is believed to extend an individual’s lifetimes. Shankara suggested that the Veda is the eternal truth, and in relation to this, posed a question of what is the nature of Brahman and the self (atman) (George 353). He argues that there is a remarkable distinction between the world in, which we live, and our innermost self. This is because the world is multiple, and it provides us with multiple opportunities and real experiences (George 353). Therefore, a person’s nature of life can fuel the process of reincarnation since liberation is possible, and it can be achieved through undertaking certain meditative activities (George 353). Works Cited George V. A. Paths to The Divine: Ancient and Indian. New York: CRVP, 2008. Print Lao-tzu. "Tao Te Ching. " From a translation by S. Mitchell (1995): 1. Print McCaughrean G, Parkins D. The Epic of Gilgamesh. New York: Alban Books Limited, 2003. Print McDougall G. The Four Noble Truths, Volume 1: Volume 1: the Foundation of Buddhist Thought. London: Wisdom Publications, 2005. Print Montaigne M. A Handbook To The Essays Of Michel de Montaigne. Kila: Kessinger Publishing, 2005. Print

BRIC Countries Free Essays

While the United States and Japan still remains as an economic powerhouse, countries like Brazil, Russia, India, and China, collectively known as the BRIC countries, are seemingly headed for that same route. According to a thesis published by Goldman Sachs Investment Bank, the economy of these four countries are slowly improving and is likely to surpass the existing developed countries in the world by 2050. Aside from these four, there are other emerging markets namely BRIMC (including Mexico), BRICS (with South Africa), BRICA (the four countries and Arab nations like Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, UAE, Qatar, and Bahrain), and BICET( with Eastern Europe as well as Turkey)(Prado, 2008). We will write a custom essay sample on BRIC Countries or any similar topic only for you Order Now The Global Outlook Jim O’Neill, who was the economist who proposed the thesis, forecasted that come 2050, the BRIC countries would have constituted more than 39 percent of world population and generated a collective GDP of $15. 43 trillion. At present, they only account for 15 percent of the world’s gross national product (GNP) compared to that of the six industrialized economies of the US, Germany, Japan, France, Italy, and Britain. However, it is predicted that despite their growing population, the BRIC countries would overtake these countries and become the leading countries as far as increasing growth and spending ability is concerned(Prado, 2008). BRIC Countries 4 Although not regarded as a political alliance (like the EU) or formal trading blocs such as the ASEAN, the BRIC countries have made great strides in strengthening their cooperation, in order to influence the stand of the United States on major trade treaties, such as the proposed nuclear partnership with India(Prado, 2008). Despite of their cultural and political variations, the BRIC countries have shifted their political system in order to be globally competitive in a capitalist world(Prado, 2008). A Second Goldman Sachs Report In 2004, Goldman Sachs published a follow-up to its first BRIC research. In the second report, it was found out that people who have a yearly income of more than the $3,000 threshold will be twice as much in a span of three years and 800 million in ten years. This shows that there is huge increase in the amount of middle class in these states. By 2025, according to the second report, the number of people with an income of more than $15,000 would surpass the 200 million mark(Prado, 2008). However, the follow-up report likewise indicated that despite the shift in the economic growth, the average income in developed countries will remain higher compared to those in the BRIC countries(Prado, 2008). Responding To The Development A report released by PriceWaterhouse Coopers believes that investors must now set their sights on the BRIC countries as it presents a bright future for growth potentials. Economic growth has shifted from the United States and Europe to emerging countries BRIC Countries 5 like China and India. This was based from an observation by John Hawskworth, chief of the macroeconomics division of PricewaterhouseCoopers(Gorringe, 2008). According to forecasts, China would emerge as the biggest economy by 2025 replacing the United States and sustain their growth to 130% come 2050. Similarly, the economy of India would surpass that of the US by 90% in 2050. Brazil will move to number four dislodging Japan. Russia, along with Mexico and Indonesia, may become larger than the economy of Germany and the United Kingdom(Gorringe, 2008). It is worth mentioning that other emerging economies have been included in the list of Pricewaterhouse Coopers as potential growth areas. Among them are Vietnam, Nigeria, Bangladesh, Egypt, Philippines, and Turkey. Vietnam, in particular, has shown tremendous economic growth at 10% per annum. Come 2050, its economy would be 70% larger than the United Kingdom(Gorringe, 2008). Among the BRIC countries, China and India have shown the most significant improvement in terms of their economy. Although their population is over 1 billion, Chinese and Indian economy have grown rapidly. For China, the growth rate is at 10 percent per annum since 1980. India, for its part, registered a 9% growth in its economy in 2006. The combined output of the two countries went up from 6. 7% to 21. 3% from 1980 to 2005. According to predictions, world economy will be focused on China in the year 2015 and India by 2030(Gorringe, 2008). BRIC Countries 6 Over the years, the United States have become the major trading partner of both developed and developing countries. However, this is no longer the case, as many countries have now realized the potential that the BRIC countries have as a region of growth. For instance, the United States have long dominated the scrap market industry, but now China has become a major competitor in the manufacture and distribution of recyclable materials. India, likewise, is a new alternative as far as the scrap market is concerned(Sandoval, 2005). On the other hand, Russia and Brazil have become a major source of raw materials. The significance of the BRIC partnership is that China and India can source their raw materials from Russia and Brazil(Prado, 2008). Although the economy of Brazil is still dependent on the United States, its local currency is doing well. In fact, during the past years, it has outperformed even the Euro(Mason, 2008). Conclusion Gone are the days when the United States dominated world economy. With emerging economies such as the BRIC, the time will come when the playing field as far as global economy is concerned will become level, with each country having their own share of economic growth. Pretty soon, the United States will eventually have to learn how to trade with other countries all over again. The emergence of the BRIC countries is a clear sign that potential growth is no longer concentrated on developed countries and that the balance of economy is veering away towards developing nations outside of North America and Europe. BRIC Countries 7 References Bustelo, P. The Economic Rise of China and India and its Implications for Spain. Real Instituto Elcano. 2007 August 8. Retrieved June 30 2008 from http://www. realinstitutoelcano. org/wps/portal/rielcano_in/Content? WCM_GLOBAL_CONTEXT=/Elcano_in/Zonas_in/DT+31-2007 Gorringe, J. Investors Should Look Beyond BRIC Countries, Says PwC. Law and Tax-News. com. 2008 March 10. Retrieved from http://www. lawandtax-news. com/asp/story. asp? storyname=30242 Mason, J. BRIC Is For Real. Seeking Alpha. 2008 May 19. Retrieved June 30 2008 from http://seekingalpha. com/article/77727-bric-is-for-real Prado, T. The BRIC Thesis. What About Brazil. com. 2008 March 20. Retrieved June 30 2008 from http://www. whataboutbrazil. com/the-bric-thesis/ Sandoval, D. Shrinking World: The Growth of the BRIC Countries Is Making The World A Smaller Place(Brazil, Russia, India, and China). 2005 September 1. Retrieved June 30 2008 from http://goliath. ecnext. com/coms2/gi_0199-4753169/Shrinking-world-the-growth-of. html How to cite BRIC Countries, Papers