Risk Analysis for Outsourcing Decisions - 1466 Words

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to identify the possible risks to an organization in each of the following outsourcing situations: a) the use of an external service provider for your data storage; b) the use of an enterprise service provider for processing information systems applications such as a payroll, human resources, or sales order taking; c) the use of a vendor to support your desktop computers; and d) the use of a vendor to provide network support. The paper will include a risk mitigation strategy for each situation. Risk Analysis for Outsourcing Decisions Outsourcing, as defined by Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, is the contracting out of a business function to an external provider. In this sense, two organizations enter into a contractual agreement involving an exchange of services and payments. Paul Strassmann, in his paper The Squandered Computer would prefer the term out-tasking because one organization is utilizing the specialization of another organization. According to Microsoft Business for Small and Mid-Size Companies, small business owners are outsourcing a range of services, from Human Relations to finance and accounting to customer services. Small businesses can now tap outside facilitators for a much greater range of services. As an example, entrepreneurs with strong sales often assume a full-time bookkeeper is needed to oversee the books. But, in fact, the company might not actually require a full-time bookkeeper; such servicesShow MoreRelatedFutronics Case949 Words   |  4 Pagesand terminals. It is moreover in to sales and services. This case is about the replacement of Futronics’s central office stores by an outside service provider. In this case supply management manager have an opportunity for investigating selected outsourcing in-house services. Cost Status of the Company Description | Making Cost in Total | Buying cost in Total | Size of company: Raw | 2 Billion Dollar | | Cost of Goods sold | $ 900,000 | | Average Inventory (500 items in stocks) | $ 140Read MoreOutsourcing Service From A Supplier1500 Words   |  6 PagesOutsourcing is simply obtaining a product or a service from a supplier. Outsourcing services can supplement an existing internal source, replace an existing internal source, or consist of a new product or service a company has never provided before. In the past, it was commonplace for companies to try to do it all. Manufacturing companies would design, engineer, and build the end product while providing Information Technology support†¦ regardless of the complexity of the end product and its componentsRead MoreA CIOs Framework for Outsourcing IT Infrastructure1665 Words   |  7 PagesEvaluating Outsourcing IT Infrastructure Decisions: Considerations for Chief Information Officers (CIOs) Introduction The decision to outsource the critical infrastructure platform of an enterprise, which often includes support for enterprise applications essential for the business ot function, is one with long-range, strategic implications. The role of the CIO is quickly changing to be a strategist first and technologist second, concentrating on how IT infrastructure can be successfully usedRead MoreRisks And Risks Of Strategic Risk Essay1572 Words   |  7 Pagesfinancial implications. However, the financial or operation risks that arise from uncertainty can be managed. Nowadays, economies are able to identify the risk, to measure it, to appreciate it’s consequences, and then take action accordingly, such as transferring or mitigating the risk. Success deals with many kinds of risk. Without risk there would be no challenge in business. Successful opportunities comes when business materialise their risks, if captured, can maximise the results from an otherwiseRead MoreOutsourcing American Jobs Essay1561 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Outsourcing of American jobs overseas is displacing Americans in the United States. American blue-collar workers and the Middle Class American will soon be a word of the past if the US government continues outsourcing the low-skill jobs overseas. One of the concerns in regards to the outsourcing of jobs is that wages of American jobs versus the wages of the Chinese, Japanese, Indians and Philippians are much less. If these workers were using the same identical technologyRead MoreWhat Major Trends Do You See Affecting The Roles Of Purchasing Managers During The Next Decade?1447 Words   |  6 Pagessystem, finance and risk. As big data is increasingly intertwined into corporate decision-making processes, the purchasing manager will need to become more comfortable with advanced data mining and analysis techniques. They will also need to develop financial acumen that rivals those of their finance counterparts to build a leading company. The procurement risk management will adopt a more holistic strategy that includes total risk exposure, risk mitigation investments and risk transfer pricing. TheRead MoreOpre 6371 Case 5-21575 Words   |  7 Pagescomponents. (Note: You are Glenn) * Responsible for evaluation the outsourcing opportunity * Meet with Terry Gibson and purchasing manager to decide whether or not to take actions on outsourcing * Glenn had been approached by Greven E-Coating willing to provide electro coating services to Rondot Automobile * Goals of decision making: Reducing the total costs while maintaining and minimizing the risks from any changes made * Considerable global competition under severeRead MoreEssay on Scotts Miracle-Gro Case Solution1363 Words   |  6 Pagescentered on two decisions which include either to make and or buy. In other words whether Scotts Miracle-Gro should keep manufacturing in Temecula located in California, outsource production to a contract company in China or to build a company in China and relocate production there. The paper will be divided into three parts in which all the disadvantages and advantages of each scenario will be briefly discussed. At the end of the paper there will be two tables attached to support my decision of keepingRead MoreAnz Introduction1227 Words   |  5 Pagesreputation and security risk as a consequence of ANZ Bank recent outsourcing strategy. This report discusses three main issues that ANZ Bank’s management may have to consider if it is to enhance strength and core competency. Customer value proposition Firstly, as ANZ Bank has stressed that ‘becomes a super regional bank’ is a core strategy objective (ANZ 2012), ANZ will have to consider the potential effect for customer value proposition as a result of recent outsourcing strategy. It has been pointedRead MoreOutsourcing And Offshore Outsourcing : Outsourcing1038 Words   |  5 PagesRunning Head: Outsourcing and Offshore Outsourcing 1 Outsourcing and Offshore Outsourcing Natasha Bing Grantham University Outsourcing and Offshore Outsourcing 2 Abstract (Greaver, 1999) proclaims that outsourcing is of a strategic nature and that the decision-making process

Leper’s Poetry Free Essays

Leper describes the action sequence of the two boys running towards the tree. He describes the way they were positioned, the way they were moving and interacting. Given that he could not see anything because of the sun in his eyes he describes the situation through the shapes he could see of their bodies. We will write a custom essay sample on Leper’s Poetry or any similar topic only for you Order Now He narrates his testimony in a more exaggerated way. Lepers uses lots of elements to describe how the situation took place.† The sun was blazing all around them.† In this sentence leper is using a strong visual image. This sentence is trying to show how the atmosphere was at that exact moment. The sun blazing creates a warm environment and makes the story more peaceful. ‘I’ll never forget that’ he says. By saying this he is trying to convince the audience that the events were stuck in his memory and that he was telling the truth. â€Å"The two of them looked as black as—as black as death standing up there with this fire burning all around them.† By using this simile to describe how the image of the silhouettes of two boys appeared in contrast of the sun, he is trying to convey a sense of mystery and suspense in his story. He compares the blackness of their bodies to the sense of death, implying the way in which the events were about to unravel. The detail used in this comparison, or figure of speech, intends to show the phycosis in his narration. He then starts to repeat himself, by using the exact same simili which shows how he had nothing else to say, no more detail to add to his story, as he was not sure what had happened. Leper’s testimony narrated in a poetic way, instead of a straightforward event narration, goes to show that he himself, Leper, is not really sure of the events so he tries to embellish his retelling of the story. The use of visual and auditory imagery along with similes and comparisons help Leper portray a narration that seems real and true, in a confident way, but that does not assure any real detail or fact, showing how the narration is made up of delusions product of his psychosis. How to cite Leper’s Poetry, Papers

Oil and wasser assignment free essay sample

The story began from two enterprises. The company Royal –biscuit, would like to merge Edeling, a company from Germany. Brighton, CEO of Royal-biscuit, had coordinated with Wallach for many times. When they decide to merge together, they should have known that both of their cultures are quite incompatible which might result in severe conflict. In this case, we can see that most of the difficulties are about cross-culture difference. The culture of Royal-Biscuit emphasizes â€Å"Active†, â€Å"Ambitious†, and â€Å"Fast-training†, and that’s the reason why it changed food industry in UK within 10 years. However, Edeling is a family owned business with 120-year history, and quite popular in Germany. Employee in Royal-Biscuit were afraid that they might make things slowly down if everything are well-prepared and step by step, while employee in Edeling were afraid that they didn’t respect their history at all, just eager to succeed in short term. Such situation not only happened in internal management, but also happened in human resource, like recruitment for talented. We will write a custom essay sample on Oil and wasser assignment or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Brighton wanted to integrate two companies ASAP, so that they train they staff to own leadership by â€Å"Learning and doing†. They put them in the managerial position directly. On the other hand, Edeling has a successful business model due to their system and operation. They cultivate their leader by sending them to college of commerce and doing work from basic level. Not only culture difference in both company, but also about â€Å"Nation difference†.

The Things They Carried Essay free essay sample

There were three types of women in The Things They Carried. These roles of women, displayed in Martha, Linda and Kathleen, were love, death, and an enabler. Although they are not seen in the story, women are very much on the mind of the men. Mainly because women could not be at war, O’Brien decided to introduce the women through the minds of the soldiers. The men idealize the women and portray their absence in letters, photographs and even in their imaginations. They do this as consolation and as a reminder that a world exists outside the monstrosity of Vietnam. Martha is Lt. Jimmy Crosss love, even though she had only considered him as a friend. OBriens uses their story to show a common trend between soldiers and the separation created by the war. When the soldiers returned home from the war, they quickly began trying to revitalize the lives they left before the war. We will write a custom essay sample on The Things They Carried Essay or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page While Lt. Jimmy Cross was faced with death in Vietnam, he refuses to believe Martha isnt a virgin and that they could one day be together. This was a safe, comforting thought contrary to one of rejection and possible death during war. For soldiers in war, many of them think of someone or something they love and it helps them to persevere through the tough times. â€Å"He had loved Martha more than his men, and as a consequence Lavender was now dead, and this was something he would have to carry like a stone in his stomach for the rest of the war†. (42) During his time in Vietnam, Cross is obsessed with Martha leading to Ted Lavenders death. He burns her letters and photos as an attempt to reconcile his guilt. However, it’s at that later meeting where he receives a new photograph of her and all the feelings of guilt is felt as she rejects him due to the fact that she was never truly interested in him. Another women who had left her mark was Linda, Tim OBriens childhood love. Unfortunately she dies at the age of nine due to a brain tumor. Her role is to give Tim a reason to write stories, so that he can keep the memories alive. He believes that those who die can be revitalized through storytelling. Linda is the primary example of OBriens belief that storytelling aids the healing process of pain, confusion, and sadness that comes with an unexpected death. After she dies, O’Brien uses his writing skills to best create an everlasting memory in her honor. His past experiences with deaths such as Linda explains why he was able to handle death so well in Vietnam. Even though Norman Bowker and Kiowa die unexpectedly, they are both brought back to life in OBriens stories similar to Linda. By writing stories like these, it helps OBrien keep his sanity and peace in check. In conclusion to the first two women, Kathleen is the daughter of OBrien. Shes known as the enabler for OBriens stories that arent true. Similar to the reader, Kathleen is learning OBriens war stories and their true meanings. However, she has the means to question OBrien and truly unlock his mind to find all the small details hidden in the words. An example of her ability is seen when he revisits Vietnam. OBrien has a different perspective of his experiences when he thinks about how he should tell the story of the man he killed to his eight year old daughter. Stories are for joining the past to the future. Stories are for those late hours in the night when you cant remember how you got from where you were to where you are. Stories are for eternity, when memory is erased, when there is nothing to remember except that story†. (34) It’s easy for the reader to misunderstand O’Brien during his storytelling of the harshness of the war. Tim is trying to paint a picture for his daughter without scaring her out of her shoes. Otherwise he could just tell her all the horrors he witnessed as well as the gruesome smell that arose from the war field. Although the women in The Things They Carried were not physically present during the war, they had a large emotional presence. This deeply affected almost all of the soldiers who were affected by the severity of the war and looked forward to returning home to a companion or family member. Most of the time women are said to play smaller roles in stories and in film, but not in the case of The Things They Carried. These leadings women were a big part of O’Brien’s success in explaining his story the way it was meant to be. The Things They Carried Essay free essay sample Why does O’Brien use the theme of rejection to convey his experience in war? In the book, The Things They Carried, Tim O’Brien writes about his experience in the Vietnam War. He uses many themes to show how the war has changed the soldiers and how the citizens perceive the war. Throughout the book, he uses the theme of rejection to show the disconnection between the soldiers at war and the citizens at home. O’Brien defines the relationship among the soldiers from the beginning of war to the end. He shows the struggle and hardship of returning to everyday life and the acceptance of society. Rejection is a reoccurring theme that O’Brien uses, it helps the reader understand what went on in the war and the way societies’ views the war. The disconnection between the soldiers at war and the citizens at home is the most important example of rejection that O’Brien uses to further explain his experience in war. We will write a custom essay sample on The Things They Carried Essay or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page O’Brien begins to talk about a true war story and how it makes the stomach believe. He says that Curt Lemon stepped on a booby-trap while playing with Rat Kiley and instantly died. Curt Lemon was dead. Rat Kiley had lost his best friend in the world. Later in the week he would write a long personal letter to the guy’s sister, who would not write back, but for now it was a question of pain. (79) This quote is a great example of how citizens at home do not understand and respond well to the soldiers at war. Rat Kiley had put a lot of thought into the letter he sent to Curt Lemon’s sister explaining what had happened and how great Curt Lemon was. Curt Lemon’s sister not writing back shows the disconnect between her and the soldiers and how she does not support the war. O’Brien also uses the relationship among the soldiers from the beginning of war to the end to explain the theme of rejection throughout the book. One important example of this is when Tim O’Brien got shot in the butt and the medic took so long to get to him, he almost died of shock. He was no longer able to fight in war and worked in the battalion supply section. A few months later, his group he used to go into war with came in for stand-down. After hearing their stories, O’Brien realizes he is more like a civilian now. O’Brien begins talking to Mitchell Sanders about Bobby Jorgenson, the medic who almost killed him. Sanders shrugged. â€Å"People change. Situations change. I hate to say this, man, but you’re out of touch. Jorgenson – he’s with us now. † â€Å"And I’m not? † Sanders looked at me for a moment. â€Å"No,† he said. â€Å"I guess you’re not. † (197) This quote explains how being in war as a soldier creates a different relationship with the other soldiers than it does when you are not fighting in war or are a citizen. The last example of the theme of rejection and disconnection in The Things They Carried is the hardship of returning to everyday life. When Norman Bowker came home from the war he did not have anything to come home to and nothing to look forward to. He decided to take his father’s truck around a lake nearby their house and he stopped at the local AW. He honked and a carhop came up to his car. He began to order. Mama Burger,† he said. â€Å"Maybe some fries, too. † The girl sighed, leaned down, and shook her head. Her eyes were as fluffy and airy-light as cotton candy. â€Å"You blind? † she said. She put out her hand and tapped an intercom attached to a steel post. â€Å"Punch the button and place your order. All I do is carry the dumb trays. † †¦ The intercom squeaked and said , â€Å"Order. † â€Å"Mama Burger and fries,† Norman Bowker said. â€Å"Affirmative, copy clear. No rootie-tootie? † â€Å"Rootie-tootie? † â€Å"You know, man – root beer. † †¦ (151) This quote shows the disconnect between society and the soldiers at war. Once Norman Bowker came home, he was out of touch with society and it was hard for him to return to everyday life. He had been gone for so long that everything he came back to had changed. Throughout the book, The Things They Carried, O’Brien uses the theme of rejection to convey his experiences in war and explain societies’ view on war. He uses examples such as the disconnect between the soldiers at war and the citizens at home, the relationship among the soldiers from the beginning of war to the end, and the hardship of returning to everyday life. As we have discovered, being in the Vietnam war was not easy for any of the soldiers and most of the time they had many burdens and worries. Society was very disconnected with the war and many did not support it. The soldiers relationships changed greatly when the men were wounded or killed, and they had to adjust quickly to their constantly changing lifestyle. Once they came back home, it was very hard for them to get back into their normal routines and everyday life they once were accustomed to. The Things They Carried Essay free essay sample They Carried, is a novel composed of war stories from the Vietnam War. O’Brien tells the stories of not only himself, but stories from the men with whom he fought alongside. The main idea of the book is what these men carried, which was not only tangible objects, but emotions as well. Digging deeper into this meaning, many of the stories were changed from their true and factual selves to half true and half fictitious stories based on that person’s emotions at that time. Many writers, such as Tim O’Brien, find more truth in fiction than on the actual occurring event. In Tim O’Brien’s The Things They Carried there is a blurred line between fact and fiction and the real Tim O’Brien and Tim’s character. Tim’s character represents his truth from his emotional views and the narrator Tim tells what really happened. Tim O’Brien’s character in The Things They Carried looked in the faces of the dead, but in reality he did not have the strength to look into the faces of the deceased. We will write a custom essay sample on The Things They Carried Essay or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page He could call this his own truth because his emotions are what he was writing down. All he did was take the way that he felt and added details and faces to events that actually occurred. For most people this is their own truth. Everybody has their own truth because memories are driven by emotion and the emotions can sometimes temporarily or even permanently block out what really happened and a story from factual events is created. Throughout the majority of the novel Tim uses character Tim over narrator Tim, but he does occasionally distinguish fact from emotions. During the instance when O’Brien’s daughter asks him if he has ever killed a man O’Brien hesitates in a truthful answer. It seems as though he is greatly conflicted because he feels as if he has killed a man, but he never actually killed a man. It is as if by him being a part of the war and not helping the dying men it is a fault of his that he could not help to save them by stopping it. His emotions told him he was a murderer who looked in the face of his victim, who was a young boy he created a life story for; when in reality that boy was never his kill. To the reader it seems that he is contradicting himself, but in actuality he is differentiating between himself and his emotional character. In the chapter, â€Å"How to Write a True War Story,† O’Brien tells the reader about the blurred line between fact and fiction. He tells us what a true war story is and what it is not. According to O’Brien a true war story is never moral, instructing, or uplifting. He also tells us that in a true war story, â€Å"it’s difficult to separate what happened from what seemed to happen. † He also tells us that it is â€Å"a hard an exact truth as it seemed. † This is where the lines become blurred. As it seems from the way O’Brien speaks, men do not have the courage to witness entire incidences such as Curt Lemon’s death. He writes that they watch pieces of it, close their eyes, and open them some more. Everything they remember seems true to them based on the facts. Readers may never truly know what happened, but they do know what that person was feeling based on the way the story was told. There is no clear line between fact and story for author Tim O’Brien. To him the lines blur together from time apart from the event and remembering the emotions felt. His novel The Things They Carried represents this idea through its use of storytelling. All of his short stories pieced together to create the novel each represent a different form of truth for different men along with Tim. O’Brien was successful in using this blurred line between fact and story for his war stories.

6 Reasons You Should Seriously Consider Becoming a Nurse Practitioner

6 Reasons You Should Seriously Consider Becoming a Nurse Practitioner Ever thought about becoming a nurse practitioner? Nurse practitioners  are a combination of both nursing and medical care. These practitioners are able to help patients one step further  than a registered nurse. A nurse practitioner  can prescribe medicine, look at patients, diagnose illnesses, and provide treatments, similar to a physician. Here are 6 advantages of becoming a nurse practitioner.  Source [Ohio University]

How to Begin Your Career in Architecture

How to Begin Your Career in Architecture As in any profession, the steps to be an architect seem simple, involve a lot of hard work, and can be filled with fun. Simply put, becoming an architect involves education, experience, and examinations. Your journey from student to professional architect will move through several stages. You begin by choosing the right school for you. Step 1: School Some people become interested in designing and building things while still in high school is a great place to start to become an architect. Since the 19th century when architecture became a profession in the United States, you have to go to college to be an architect. This is the 21st century. But, many paths can lead to a career in architecture. In fact, you can become an architect even if you earn a bachelors degree from a school without an architecture program. But its a little more complicated. What is called higher education comes at different levels - undergraduate and graduate. You can earn an undergraduate degree in most anything - English, History, Engineering - and then be admitted to a graduate program in architecture to earn a professional degree in architecture. So, you dont even have to decide if you want to be an architect until after you receive a bachelors degree. Going this route, a professional masters degree in architecture (M.Arch) may take an additional three years beyond your four-year degree. You can also become an architect with a professional undergraduate degree (B.Arch), which in many architecture schools takes five years to complete. Yes, its a five-year program, and you only earn an undergraduate degree. A vital area of architectural study is the Design Studio, which is hands-on experience that consumes a lot of time. For students less interested in becoming an architect but still interested in architecture, most schools also offer NON-professional degrees in architecture - without the Design Studio. It turns out there are plenty of opportunities for architecture majors as well as for professional architects. Choosing the school that best fits your needs is the first step. If you possibly can, begin your career in architecture while still in school. Consider joining the American Institute of Architecture Students (AIAS). Look for a part-time job related to architecture or design. Do clerical work, drafting, or crowdsourcing for an architect or designer. Consider volunteering for an emergency relief organization or charitable program that provides design services for those in need. Whether you are paid or not, the experience will give you the opportunity to develop your skills and build a strong portfolio. Hopefully youve chosen a school with an active alumni. Does your university sponsor alumni homecomings, bringing your schools graduates back on campus? Get your face out there among the established architects - whether these gatherings are called networking opportunities or meet and greet gatherings, mingle with the people that you will forever be associated with as alumnus of the same college. Alumni are also a great source for externships. Usually short-term and unpaid, externships can do a number of things for your career. Externships can (1) kickstart the experience section of your resume; (2) help you test the waters, observing a real work environment, without the pressure and stress of having to produce a product like a project or paper; (3) allow you to shadow a professional architect for a day or work week, getting a feel for the professional side of architecture; and (4) help you determine your comfort level in a small or large architectural firm. Louisiana State University calls their externship program a chance to Get out of town! The difference between an externship and an internship is found in the name - an extern is external to the workplace, and all expenses are usually the responsibility of the extern; an intern is internal to the organization and is often paid an entry-level wage. Step 2: Architecture Experience Yay! Youve graduated from college or graduate school. Most graduates work for several years as interns in a professional architectural firm before they take licensing exams and become registered architects. For help finding an entry-level position, visit the career center at your college. Also look to your professors for guidance. But, the term intern is on its way out.  The National Council of Architectural Registration Boards (NCARB), the licensing organization for architects, is highly involved with helping architecture firms mold neophytes into architects ready to contribute to a practice. Before you can even apply to take the test to become a registered architect, you have to have experience. What used to be called the Intern Development Program (IDP) is now the Architectural Experience Programâ„ ¢ or AXPâ„ ¢.  A beginning professional needs 3,740 hours of experience before earning a professional license. AXP certification is a requirement for initial registration to sit for the licensing exams. These required hours are associated with nearly 100 tasks  - for example, Review shop drawings and submittals during construction for conformance with design intent. How do you log experience?  Now theres an app for that  - My AXP App. How does NCARB help? Architecture firms are businesses and not schools - professional hours are best spent doing the business of architecture along with training new hires. NCARB helps the new graduate transition from being a student to becoming a professional without using some of a firms billable hours. Dr. Lee Waldrep, author of the Becoming an Architect book series, explains the value of this program when it was called IDP: In a recent discussion with an intern-architect a few years out of school, she confessed that while architecture school prepared her to think and design, it did not sufficiently prepare her to work in an architectural office. She further admitted that IDP, with its training areas, simply lists out what you need to do. Step 3: Licensing Exams In the United States and Canada, architects must take and pass the Architect Registration Examination (ARE) to receive a professional license in architecture. The ARE exams are rigorous - some students take extra coursework to prepare. A new set of exams, ARE 5.0, was implemented in November 2016. Although the tests are completely online, you cannot use your own computer. NCARB, the licensing organization that creates the test questions, works with Prometric test centers who administers the exams. Study for and taking the exams are usually accomplished during the AXP experience-gathering phase of a professional career. This can be the most stressful part of the process of becoming an architect - generally, youre not getting paid very much (because you are not a peak contributor to the architecture firm), preparing and taking exams is stressful, and all this comes at a time when your personal life is also in transition. Remember, however, that you are not the first person to go thro ugh these times. Step 4: Building a Profession After completing the ARE, some early-career professionals find jobs at the same firms where they first gained experience. Others seek employment elsewhere, sometimes in careers that are peripheral to architecture itself. Some architects start their own small firms after licensure. They may go it alone or team up with ex-classmates or co-workers. A strong career network will pave the way toward success. Many architects begin their careers in the public sector. State, local, and federal governments all hire architects. Generally, the jobs (and incomes) are stable, control and creativity may be limited, but your personal life that may have been put on hold can be reawakened. Lastly, its important to remember that many successful architects dont come into their own until they are into their 60s. When most people are set to retire, the architect is just beginning. Be in it for the long haul. Summary: Becoming an Architect Stage One: Complete an accredited professional architecture program at the undergranduate or graduate levelStage Two: On-the-job experienceStage Three: Pass the licensing exams - only then can you call yourself an architect.Stage Four: Follow your dream Sources Externships, LSU College of Art Design, http://design.lsu.edu/architecture/student-resources/externships/ [accessed April 29, 2016]History of the AXP,  National Council of Architectural Registration Boards, https://www.ncarb.org/about/history-ncarb/history-axp [accessed May 31, 2018]Architectural Experience Program Guidelines, National Council of Architectural Registration Boards, PDF at https://www.ncarb.org/sites/default/files/AXP-Guidelines.pdf [accessed May 31, 2018]Becoming an Architect by Lee W. Waldrep, Wiley Sons, 2006, p. 195

Movie relationship with book Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Movie relationship with book - Essay Example He created the ICAIC, which was a film office officially managed by the government. Many of the Cuban farmers were illiterate and television was not a part of their lives. Fidel decided that film production would be the best way to educate the country on the dramatic transformation related to the revolution. However, Cuba’s film industry was relatively insignificant unlike Argentina and Mexico. The new office needed to learn a lot before production (Chanan, 5). During this time, the USSR was providing film production support under Prime Minister Khrushchev for any friendly countries to the principles of Communism. This is how the relationship between Cuba and the Soviet Union in film production evolved. During this time, the United States had isolated the Cuban government in the event of the missile crisis. Cuban post-revolutionary cinema shows how filmmaking in the country is hardly ever automatic and predictable. The United States tried to isolate Cuba for almost two decades by imposing a cultural and economic barrier. However, the Cuban cinema continued to succeed in breaching the cultural block to emphasize their creative energy and political integrity (Chanan, 7). The ‘Soy Cuba’ film did not have any English subtitles. What captured the attention of many was its amazing cinematography. The techniques of the camera used at the time shocked many reviewers because they resembled those of the steadicam before its emergence. The beauty of the film lies in the idiosyncratic mise en scene and camera acrobatics (Chanan, 21). The director shot some of the scenes close to the actors, while they avoided any direct focus with the camera. The movement of the camera to produce wide-angle shots gives the film great scenes and an outlook on the revolution. The director also divided the story into four sections to capture different perspectives. The director was a soviet and had

Finance international business Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Finance international business - Research Paper Example This includes manufacture ring, processing, buying, transportation, warehousing etc. Pre-shipment credit is also called as packaging credit in some countries. This is short term finance. Post shipment finance is the credit offered to the importer in order to buy goods. Not all exporters are financially sound to extend credit to the importer. In order to encourage importers financial assistance is offered to them. This is done through financial institutions, commercial banks especially. Under the consignment terms of purchase the importer makes payment to the exporter only when the goods are sold to the end user and payment is received from them. This type of purchase poses high risk to the exporter as there could be indefinite delay in the sale of goods to the end user. It however favors the importer. This type of payment is observed in case of very high trust among the traders or if the exporting firm is financially capable enough to incur the loss, if there is any. The name clearly suggests the feature of this financing option. The importer has to pay in advance to receive the goods. In other words the payment is done before the shipment of the goods. Again, there are a few reasons for choosing this option. The importer is yet to establish a name in the market or the exporter has little faith in the financial status of the importer. The high demand of the product could be another reason for opting this mode of payment. The Cash-in-Advance type payment poses high risk to the importer. This financial instrument poses equal amount of risk to both, the importer and the exporter. The importer has to pay a certain part of the payment in advance to initiate the trade. The down payment is paid at the time of signing the contract or shortly thereafter. The risk involved for the exporter is that the importer may not pay after receiving the goods. Similarly the exporter may not deliver the goods after receiving the down payment. Hence, the risks are

Comparing two poems Essay Example for Free

Comparing two poems Essay In this essay I will be comparing two poems. These poems are on the topic of war which is very relevant especially as there is a war going on in Iraq as I am writing this. The first poem I am going to write about called: Dulce et Decorum est is written by Wilfred Owen. He had first hand experience of war as he was a soldier; so he will give us a very honest opinion of war and what it was really like to fight in one. Unfortunately for him he was killed in action a week before the war ended. The poem has a very strong anti-war feeling about it; it is his personal view that dying for your country is not a very good thing and in the poem he conveys this to us by giving us very clear mental pictures of the horrible effects of war. Wilfred Owenss attitude to war is that he is frustrated, angry and resentful of it. The poem type Wilfred uses in this poem is the Sonnet; this is odd because Sonnet poems are usually about love but in this case he is writing about hurt; rhythm of the octaves in this poem is slow and speeds up in the sestet. These ties in with the mood of the poem e.g.: Gas! Gas! Gas! This line has been broken up with exclamation marks to show that there is an emergency. Then it slows down quite considerably again in the final stanza to make us think of the suffering the soldiers go through. It is wonderful the way that he structures this poem from the soldiers feelings, to his own and then he asks the reader for their views. There is one very noticeable thing about the structure and that is that there are two lines of the poem on their own; also these line are not in the past tense like the rest of the poem and this is because he is trying to emphasize the mental scars of war which remain with him in the present. He gives us a very detailed mental picture and he gives us this in all three verses. In verse 1 he talks about the physical breakdown of the soldiers. He builds up this mental image of suffering e.g.: knocked kneed, and he continues this mental picture into versus 2 as he talks about his fellow solider suffering and dying in the gas as he cant get his helmet on. He uses verbs in this verse in a clever way e.g.: Fumbling and floundering. E.g.: Fumbling, Fitting the clumsy helmets just in time. And floundering like a man in fire or lime. In verse 3 he uses Onomatopoeic e.g.: gargling. He uses this word to explain how his fellow solider died e.g. Gargling from the forth-corrupted lungs. The pain that this soldier suffered is conveyed to us in a very gruesome way e.g.: As under a green sea, I saw him drowning. What he means by that is he has breathed in so much gas its suffocating him so it is very like drowning. Another example He plunges at me, guttering, choking, drowning. In the first verse he uses metaphors in a very powerful way e.g. Blood shod, drunk with fatigue to show the exhaustion and suffering of the soldiers. Also the Onomatopoeic words in the first verse sludge and trudge, show us how the soldiers slowly marched ; it tell us also that they had no determination and enthusiasm lift to fight for their country. Wilfred Owen is basically saying in this poem that hes been there and its not that good at all to fight for your country. This is the complete opposite of what Lord Tennyson talks about in The Charge of the Light Brigade. Lord Tennysons poem is different from Wilfred Owen in a number of ways. Firstly Lord Tennyson has never fought in a war; Tennyson poem is also saying that it is good to die for your country and Tennysons poem is about the soldiers being heroes and noble men. The poets attitude to war is that it is an honorable and noble thing to die for your country. The tone of this poem is fast and very sharp e.g.: Forward, the Light Brigade! Charge for the guns! Another example is Cannon to right of them, Cannon to left of them, Cannon in front of them stays at this speed for most of the poem. Tennyson structures his poem in to 6 verses of even length. He starts off describing the advance in verse 1 and 2 e.g.: Into the valley of death Forward, the Light Brigade! then into verse 4 he talks about the heat of the battle e.g.: Flashed all their sabers bare, Flashed as they turned in air, Sabring the gunners there. In verses 5 and 6 he talks about the retreat e.g.: Back from the mouth of Hell, All that was left of them and he then goes on to say how courageous, noble and heroic the soldiers were e.g.: honour the charge they made! Honour the light brigade, Noble six hundred. Verse 6 is shorter than the rest as it is a tribute to the soldiers that fought in the war. The rhythm of the poem is regular; it conveys how inevitable the charge was. The rhyme sounds very grand, patriotic and has a musical tone about it. The poem type is a ballad. A ballad is usually a short narrative poem with stanzas of two or four lines and usually a refrain. They contain repetition e.g.: Rode the six hundred (which is on the end of every verse) another example: Half league, half league, half league onward. They are written in straight-forward verse, seldom with detail, but always with graphic simplicity and force. Many old-time ballads were written and performed by minstrels attached to noblemens courts. Language used in the poem is very powerful to glorify the charge rather than show pity. He uses metaphors in his poem e.g.: Into the valley of death; there is also personification used in his poem e.g.: Into the jaws of death and Into the mouth of hell He uses these metaphors and personification in his poem to emphasize the suicidal march of the Light Brigade. The hell and death in these phrases reinforces the views of this being the end for the soldiers. I really liked the way that Tennyson brings the reader into his poem by asking a rhetorical question: Was there a man dismayed? and When can their glory fade? He does use a quite a lot of onomatopoeia e.g.: Volleyed and thundered and Shot and shell. He has also chosen his verbs in his poem really well. They are Very prominent; convey idea of speed, the light and movement all in the one verb is flashed. The repetition is very powerful and significant in the poem from the very first line: Half a league, Half a League, Half a league onward. My personal view on war is that it is a terrible thing and should only be used for a last resort. I would only agree with a war at present if there was evidence to prove that Iraq have weapons of mass destruction and then I would consider it a just war and that we must get Saddam quickly and carefully to keep down the risk of innocent deaths. I personally prefer Dulce et Decorum est. by Wilfred Owen as it is more detailed and gives you very vivid pictures of the soldiers deaths and as Wilfred Owen was believable actually there its more in a sense as he was has seen it up close. This poem taught me that war is a bad thing and its not worth it; it helped me to appreciate how much pain some of the soldiers had to suffer in the war.

Puritan Hypocrisy Exposed in Nathaniel Hawthornes The Scarlet Letter E

Puritan Hypocrisy Exposed in The Scarlet Letter   Ã‚   Throughout The Scarlet Letter, Hawthorne repeatedly portrays the Puritanical views of sin and evil.   The Puritans are constantly displayed as believing that evil comes from an unyielding bond being formed between love and hate.   For such reasons they looked towards Hester's commitment of adultery as an action of pure, condemned evil.   However, through the use of light and dark imagery, Hawthorne displays who truly holds evil in their hearts.   The one who is the embodiment of evil creates hypocrisy of Puritanical views towards sin and evil.   Hawthorne displays that those who expose sin to the public and the daylight are the most pure and those who conceal their sin under a dark shadow are destined to be defeated.   Through his use of light and dark imagery and the contrast of his beliefs versus the beliefs of the Puritans, Hawthorne exposes the hypocritical beliefs of the Puritans by portraying Dimmesdale as destined for demise for concealing his sin, and ironically Hester the most pure for admitting her sin.   Ã‚  Ã‚   The first description of Dimmesdale that Hawthorne presents to the reader is of Dimmesdale hiding his sin.   One Puritan says, speaking of Hester's sin, "Reverend Master Dimmesdale, her godly pastor, takes it very grievously to heart that such a scandal have come upon his congregation" (38).   Immediately, Dimmesdale is shown to the readers as not only concealing his sin, but also being hypocritical in his condemnation of a sin that he himself has also committed.   On the very same page, Hawthorne speaks of the "dismal severity of the Puritanic code of law" (38).   From the beginning of The Scarlet Letter, Hawthorne uses dismal, a dark and evil ... ... thing that frees one of evil and shame is revealing his sin.   Hawthorne foreshadows the death and demise of Dimmesdale from the beginning of the book by keeping him cast in a dark shadow with an aching heart.   Hester was continuously condemned for her sin, although it was revealed through the light constantly burning upon her chest.   This illustrates the hypocrisy of the Puritan beliefs towards sin, for it was he who concealed his sin that was destined to be defeated by his ignominy, and she who was explicitly condemned that prospers and grows and is able to live a full, didactic life.    Sources Hawthorne, Nathaniel.   The Scarlet Letter.   New York: Penguin Putnam Inc., 1980. Bradford, William.   "The Errand of the Early Puritans."   Class handout.   March 2002. Winthrop, John.   "Life in Puritan New England."   Class handout.   March 2002.

Density Lab Report

Density is defined by its mass per unit volume, and is most often written in mathematical terms as; d = m / vMass is usually given in grams, g, and volume is given in cubic centimeters, g/cm3, or, grams per milliliter, g/mL. Density is not a property that depends upon the amount of substance present. For example, one gram of lead and one ton of lead have the same density. Density also does depend on temperature. For instance cold water is denser than warm water; ice is less dense than both. The method used for determining the density of a substance depends on the nature of the substance. In this lab the densities of unknown irregularly shaped solids and liquids was determined.Accuracy and precision of the results will be estimated, and attention will be paid to the correct use of the significant figures. The experiment approach that will be used will tell the mass and volume of the metal and liquid determined by measuring these two quantities with a graduated cylinder and biuret. Pro cedure:a) The density of metalsFirst I obtained a quantity of unknown metal. Recording the unknown number. I used only one type of metal for this part of the experiment.The unknown metal that I was instructed to use was a chunk, therefore, I used a 50ml graduated cylinder. When using the 50ml cylinder, I filled it with water to approximately the 35ml mark. Then recorded the exact volume of water that was added. I placed the cylinder and water on the balance and recorded the mass to every 0.1g. I added the metal to the graduated cylinder until the water level increased by approximately 2.0ml. Being sure to tap the sides of the cylinder to release any air bubbles. I then recorded the volume of the water plus metal to the nearest 0.1mL.Then recorded the total mass of the cylinder, water and metal. I added more pieces of metal to the cylinder until the water level had increased by 2.5ml. Then I recorded the exact volume of water plus metal and total mass of cylinder, water and metal. I repeated the procedure twice more. Being careful not to go over the 50ml mark. And recording the data each time.Calculations:I determined the total volume of metal in the cylinder by subtracting the volume of water from the volume of water plus metal. Then found the corresponding mass of metal by subtracting the mass of the cylinder and water from the mass of the cylinder, water and metal. I plotted out the graph showing the total mass of metal on the y-axis, and the volume on the x-axis. I found the slope of the line by taking two random points from the graph, performing the slope formula and finding the density. From the table provided, I identified the unknown metal to be silver.b). Determining the density of a water/ethanol mixture.I obtained an unknown solution from the instructor. Then recorded the number of the solution.Then I rinsed a buret with a little of the ethanol solution, and filled the buret with that same solution. I read the buret level to the nearest 0.05ml. Then weighed an empty 250ml Erlenmeyer flask. I turned the knob of the buret and put approximately 23.4ml of solution into the flask. I read the buret again, to 0.05ml and recorded.Next I weighed the flask and its contents, by placing the flask on the balance and recording the temperature of the solution. I then determined the density of the solution by taking the mass of solution and dividing it by the volume of solution. Repeating the procedure twice more using a clean flask and the same balance each time.Calculations:For each of the three trials I calculated the density of the solution and determined the mean, average deviation from the mean, percent precision and the range. I then drew a calibration curve from the data given on page 17 of my Laboratory Manual.Discussion:Based on the value of my density, and based on the literature values given on page 16 of my Laboratory Manual, the unknown metal is silver. The density I had obtained from the slope of the graph was 9.09g/mL. I then c ompared my density to the chart given, looking for a similar density. The density of my unknown metal was not exact with a particular metal given in  the chart, but I kept in mind that the density of silver can vary depending of the state it is in.Error Analysis:The possible sources of error in finding the density of the unknown metal and liquid would have to be my consistency throughout the experiment. I had approximated with my bare eye and was not consistently exact. Therefore, there was an inaccuracy in reading the volume displaced from the graduated cylinder and the biuret.

Morally responsible group member

What do groups need in order for them to attain efficiency and productivity? Well, there are a lot of things that could contribute for the attainment of efficiency and productivity. The following are the possible key factors that could contribute for any group to have the optimal level of efficiency and productivity. Sense of responsibility is one of the few aspects in the personality of each and every one of us that must be inculcated in our minds for it encompasses almost all of the positive characteristics that we do in the workplace or even in our everyday activity. Especially working in groups, responsibility calls for doing at least your part or role in the group, with this, effectiveness and efficiency is not far from being experienced by the group. Moreover, when we say responsibility in the workplace it dies not only pertains to self responsibility but also the responsibility of one member to its co-members and the entire group as a whole. By thinking the welfare of each and every member of the group, it would be beneficial to them since they were already going to attain the optimal productivity level that they could reach. Teamwork is another important factor in achieving the highest productivity of any group. Through teamwork, each member uses the ability of their co-members in order for them to come up with an output that is of good quality and condition as compared to when they did not have any teamwork at all. Having teamwork would also picture the kind of personality that each member of the group or organization has. Members of a group that has teamwork have the personality of accepting their own limitation and depend on the skills of their teammate for them to finish their task. Teamwork is very hard to develop in the work palace especially in an organization that has a diversity of culture and personality. This requires great period of time to be developed and only through constant working together is the only way to build up teamwork. It cannot exist in an instant, and cannot be rushed. This is the reason why teamwork is seldom to occur in various organizations and groups that have diverse members. Another factor that contributes to the attainment of optimal productivity and efficiency is the cooperation of every team members is the cooperative orientation of every group members. When we speak of a cooperative orientation we are talking to an individual that is dependent to skills of other members of the group to attain success, productivity and efficiency. Cooperation is attained if the members work hand in hand with their team members and together perform the jobs that they are assigned to them. A person that is a cooperative oriented one is more productive, efficient and successful among the type of person that have already mentioned above for they have the ability to help one another and reinforce the identities of other group members as well as open for the influence of their group members. In short they are open not only to finish their job but also to learn from one another since they are willing to be influenced by their other team members (Suleiman, 2004). There are still other factors that can be raised to support the said claim that cooperative individuals are the most successful and productive one among the characteristics that have mentioned above like, they could also detect and correct the errors in reasoning that they have committed along the way. Moreover, they could also think clearly since they are relaxed from the set up that they have- that they have their own uniqueness inside of them. Everyone is appreciated and these motivate them from performing good in every task that were assigned to them. Transfer of messages is also not a problem to a group that is a cooperative one for they can interpret the messages accurately since they have already this â€Å"special closeness† to one another due to the appreciation of each and every members of the group. Furthermore, cooperative persons take the entire task as a challenge and not as a burden. This promotes for the person to strive hard in order to come up with the best result that they could as compared to a person who treats tasks as a burden who only give what is enough to accomplish the job assigned to them. Cooperative individuals also have good working relationship with one another since they value the significance of one another and accept the limitations that they have. What group members must not develop is the sense of being individualistic for it only promotes self interest and attains less productivity and efficiency. Individualists rely only to their own skills and believing that it would be enough to finish the task that is assigned to the group. They are always after their personal agendas and welfare. They care less on the condition of the entire group and what is the most important to them is to improve their condition regardless of what might happened to the organization if they remain into their kind of mentality. People who are individualistic do not have any notion of appreciating the significance of other member so the group and this eventually lead to miscommunication and affects the intern relationship of the group members. If this left untreated internal conflict might rise and the entire group and organization will be perished at the end of the day. Based from the given sets of possible characteristics of a person must posses in order for them to be morally responsible group member it is a must for them to keep in mind that it is important for the members of the group to aim for the welfare of the entire group and to appreciate the significance of their group members in order for them to build good working relationship with one another and to set harmonious working environment to make them relax and comfortable in working to the organization. The more the individuals value the importance of striving for their best the more they become closer in attaining success. At this point, I just want to stress out that individualisms must be avoided by most of us especially when working in groups. This can only be appropriate in an organization where people work individually or the nature of their job needs to rely only to their own skills like writing and painting. More or less, we still should develop the sense of cooperating with one another for it is the best way of achieving things. REFERENCES Suleiman, R. (2004). Contemporary psychological research on social dilemmas. Cambridge, UK ; New York: Cambridge University Press.   

Free Essays on Religions In America

In the American society today there is a mix of all different religions. Today America’s religion is pluralistic meaning just that. There are a whole bunch of religions practiced in the same society. All of the combined dimensions of religious freedom contribute to the diversity of religious belief and expression in the U.S. There are a bunch of different religions, and three major religions in America today are Judaism, Hinduism, and Buddhism. These three religions have played a major role in shaping American culture, and way of life. Throughout history Jewish people have combined ordinary and extraordinary religion in basically the same way Native Americans have blended community life, religious practice, and relationships with the natural, social and political world. This mixing of the elements of extraordinary and ordinary religion has resulted in the upholding of a unique Jewish identity. Although subject to the influence of various cultures surrounding groups of Jews, this has set them apart in many countries and cultures. There are four different types of Jews in America today they are Orthodox Jews, who follow basically everything the old ancient ways, and the Conservative Jews who practice Pantheism (which means God is present in all things). There are also the Hasidic Jews and the Reform Jews. All of these different groups practice their own different thing and when they cam to America they had their ideas passed along throughout our culture. We see this everyday even when we walk down the streets. They are families of Jews just walking to their Sunday function, with their yam micas on. They won’t really use any electricity or cars or any modern technology on this day. If we go to the supermarket we see food that is marked kosher for them. So that they know the food is alright to eat for their way of life. All of these little things add up and give them a little place they have built in our American culture.... Free Essays on Religions In America Free Essays on Religions In America In the American society today there is a mix of all different religions. Today America’s religion is pluralistic meaning just that. There are a whole bunch of religions practiced in the same society. All of the combined dimensions of religious freedom contribute to the diversity of religious belief and expression in the U.S. There are a bunch of different religions, and three major religions in America today are Judaism, Hinduism, and Buddhism. These three religions have played a major role in shaping American culture, and way of life. Throughout history Jewish people have combined ordinary and extraordinary religion in basically the same way Native Americans have blended community life, religious practice, and relationships with the natural, social and political world. This mixing of the elements of extraordinary and ordinary religion has resulted in the upholding of a unique Jewish identity. Although subject to the influence of various cultures surrounding groups of Jews, this has set them apart in many countries and cultures. There are four different types of Jews in America today they are Orthodox Jews, who follow basically everything the old ancient ways, and the Conservative Jews who practice Pantheism (which means God is present in all things). There are also the Hasidic Jews and the Reform Jews. All of these different groups practice their own different thing and when they cam to America they had their ideas passed along throughout our culture. We see this everyday even when we walk down the streets. They are families of Jews just walking to their Sunday function, with their yam micas on. They won’t really use any electricity or cars or any modern technology on this day. If we go to the supermarket we see food that is marked kosher for them. So that they know the food is alright to eat for their way of life. All of these little things add up and give them a little place they have built in our American culture....

A Hypothesis Is a Claim

, The average diameter of a manufactured bolt is not equal to 30mm ( H1: ? ? 30 ) Challenges the status quo Alternative never contains the â€Å"=†sign May or may not be proven Is generally the hypothesis that the researcher is trying to prove Is the opposite of the null hypothesis e. g. , The average diameter of a manufactured bolt is not equal to 30mm ( H1: ? ? 30 ) Challenges the status quo Alternative never contains the â€Å"=†sign May or may not be proven Is generally the hypothesis that the researcher is trying to prove Is the opposite of the null hypothesis e. g. , The average diameter of a manufactured bolt is not equal to 30mm ( H1: ? ? 30 ) Challenges the status quo Alternative never contains the â€Å"=†sign May or may not be proven Is generally the hypothesis that the researcher is trying to prove If the sample mean is close to the stated population mean, the null hypothesis is not rejected. If the sample mean is far from the stated population mean, the null hypothesis is rejected. How far is â€Å"far enough† to reject H0? The critical value of a test statistic creates a â€Å"line in the sand† for decision making — it answers the question of how far is far enough. Type I Error Reject a true null hypothesis Considered a serious type of error The probability of a Type I Error is ? Called level of significance of the test Set by researcher in advance Type II Error Failure to reject a false null hypothesis The probability of a Type II Error is ? Type I and Type II errors cannot happen at the same time A Type I error can only occur if H0 is true A Type II error can only occur if H0 is false Critical Value Approach to Testing For a two-tail test for the mean, ? known: Determine the critical Z values for a specified level of significance ? from a table or computer Decision Rule: If the test statistic falls in the rejection region, reject H0 ; otherwise do not reject H0 State the null hypothesis, H0 and the alternative hypothesis, H1 Determine the appropriate test statistic and sampling distribution Determine the critical values that divide the rejection and nonrejection regions Collect data and compute the value of the test statistic Make the statistical decision and state the managerial conclusion. If the test statistic falls into the nonrejection region, do not reject the null hypothesis H0. If the test statistic falls into the rejection region, reject the null hypothesis. Express the managerial conclusion in the context of the problem p-Value Approach to Testing -value: Probability of obtaining a test statistic equal to or more extreme than the observed sample value given H0 is true The p-value is also called the observed level of significance H0 can be rejected if the p-value is less than ? Hypothesis Testing: ? Unknown If the population standard deviation is unknown, you instead use the sample standard deviation S. Because of this change, you use the t distribution instead of the Z distribution to test the null hypothesis about the mean. When using the t distribution you must assume the population you are sampling from follows a normal distribution. All other steps, concepts, and conclusions are the same. One-Tail Tests In many cases, the alternative hypothesis focuses on a particular direction H0: ? ? 3 H1: ? 3 This is a lower-tail test since the alternative hypothesis is focused on the lower tail below the mean of 3 H0: ? ? 3 H1: ? 3 This is an upper-tail test since the alternative hypothesis is focused on the upper tail above the mean of 3 Proportions Sample proportion in the category of interest is denoted by p When both X and n – X are at least 5, p can be approximated by a normal distribution with mean and standard deviation Potential Pitfalls and Ethical Considerations Use randomly collected data to reduce selection biases Do not use human subjects without informed consent Choose the level of significance, ? , and the type of test (one-tail or two-tail) before data collection Do not employ â€Å"data snooping† to choose between one-tail and two-tail test, or to determine the level of significance Do not practice â€Å"data cleansing† to hide observations that do not support a stated hypothesis Report all pertinent findings including both statistical significance and practical importance A Hypothesis Is a Claim , The average diameter of a manufactured bolt is not equal to 30mm ( H1: ? ? 30 ) Challenges the status quo Alternative never contains the â€Å"=†sign May or may not be proven Is generally the hypothesis that the researcher is trying to prove Is the opposite of the null hypothesis e. g. , The average diameter of a manufactured bolt is not equal to 30mm ( H1: ? ? 30 ) Challenges the status quo Alternative never contains the â€Å"=†sign May or may not be proven Is generally the hypothesis that the researcher is trying to prove Is the opposite of the null hypothesis e. g. , The average diameter of a manufactured bolt is not equal to 30mm ( H1: ? ? 30 ) Challenges the status quo Alternative never contains the â€Å"=†sign May or may not be proven Is generally the hypothesis that the researcher is trying to prove If the sample mean is close to the stated population mean, the null hypothesis is not rejected. If the sample mean is far from the stated population mean, the null hypothesis is rejected. How far is â€Å"far enough† to reject H0? The critical value of a test statistic creates a â€Å"line in the sand† for decision making — it answers the question of how far is far enough. Type I Error Reject a true null hypothesis Considered a serious type of error The probability of a Type I Error is ? Called level of significance of the test Set by researcher in advance Type II Error Failure to reject a false null hypothesis The probability of a Type II Error is ? Type I and Type II errors cannot happen at the same time A Type I error can only occur if H0 is true A Type II error can only occur if H0 is false Critical Value Approach to Testing For a two-tail test for the mean, ? known: Determine the critical Z values for a specified level of significance ? from a table or computer Decision Rule: If the test statistic falls in the rejection region, reject H0 ; otherwise do not reject H0 State the null hypothesis, H0 and the alternative hypothesis, H1 Determine the appropriate test statistic and sampling distribution Determine the critical values that divide the rejection and nonrejection regions Collect data and compute the value of the test statistic Make the statistical decision and state the managerial conclusion. If the test statistic falls into the nonrejection region, do not reject the null hypothesis H0. If the test statistic falls into the rejection region, reject the null hypothesis. Express the managerial conclusion in the context of the problem p-Value Approach to Testing -value: Probability of obtaining a test statistic equal to or more extreme than the observed sample value given H0 is true The p-value is also called the observed level of significance H0 can be rejected if the p-value is less than ? Hypothesis Testing: ? Unknown If the population standard deviation is unknown, you instead use the sample standard deviation S. Because of this change, you use the t distribution instead of the Z distribution to test the null hypothesis about the mean. When using the t distribution you must assume the population you are sampling from follows a normal distribution. All other steps, concepts, and conclusions are the same. One-Tail Tests In many cases, the alternative hypothesis focuses on a particular direction H0: ? ? 3 H1: ? 3 This is a lower-tail test since the alternative hypothesis is focused on the lower tail below the mean of 3 H0: ? ? 3 H1: ? 3 This is an upper-tail test since the alternative hypothesis is focused on the upper tail above the mean of 3 Proportions Sample proportion in the category of interest is denoted by p When both X and n – X are at least 5, p can be approximated by a normal distribution with mean and standard deviation Potential Pitfalls and Ethical Considerations Use randomly collected data to reduce selection biases Do not use human subjects without informed consent Choose the level of significance, ? , and the type of test (one-tail or two-tail) before data collection Do not employ â€Å"data snooping† to choose between one-tail and two-tail test, or to determine the level of significance Do not practice â€Å"data cleansing† to hide observations that do not support a stated hypothesis Report all pertinent findings including both statistical significance and practical importance

Report---Morrisons Supermarkets Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Report---Morrisons Supermarkets - Essay Example It also has a long standing management team to support such expansion. The level of service it gives to the customers is also high. The internal weakness of the company is that it is dependent on the market of UK. It is also uncertain over the long term acquisitions it has undertaken. It has a lower quality of Safeway estate. Their business model is very labour intensive. The external opportunities which the company now faces are the diversification of its business into new market. It has generated synergies through Safeway merger. Another opportunity facing the company is their expansion through online medium. It has decided to increase operations online. The Morrison faces many threats from its surrounding environments like Price wars. It is quite possible for its main competitors to engage in price wars. The UK grocery industry is undergoing a change and the company also need to adapt to the change. Hence if the company can’t take advantage of this position it will lose out in the market. Next the macroeconomic forces affect the company. Political forces which affect the company are changes in government policies like taxation polices. Any change of it will minimise the profit margins for the company in such competitive environment. The economic forces which affect them are their local suppliers of the products like meat etc. which keeps control over the quality of the food. Another advantage which the company have is that it helps to keep the prices in check. Morrison has launched a way of recognising a colleague’s job profile by giving National Qualified Certificate. This is their way of changing the lifestyle of the employees. They have also launched a campaign aimed â€Å"Let’s Grow† which provides free gardening equipment to the local schools so that a healthy social balance in the society can be maintained. The IT infrastructure of Safeway was down-graded and hence it needs to improve on it. Morrison faces legal risk with re spect to the government policies regarding pollution control. It is a limited liability company and hence has to follow the legal way of doing business according to the companies Act. The company also has to take care of the environmental aspects like using long-life reusable bags instead of the free non –degradable plastic bags. As far as the financial performance of the company is concerned the revenues has increased by over 7 percent in 2011 while the gross profit has increased by around 6% in 2011. The operating profits have increased by around 7.60% in 2011 which is more than the increase in is gross profit. Hence the company has been able to decrease the operating costs. CW2 Executive Summary In United Kingdom the supermarket chain store is on rise. In this report we will take a look at one such supermarket store named Morrison Supermarket. We will take a look at the marketing strategies of the company which it used employed in their normal course of business. Being a g rocery store it has to continuously change its marketing strategy to keep in line with the other competitors. We will also look at the different models like BCG and Ansoff and analyse the ways used to employ their marketing strategies. Lastly we will take a look at the other strategies the company can employ to further increase their business growth. Contents Executive Summary 4 Contents 5 Introduction 6 Analysis and Critical evaluation of Morrison’s Supermarkets 6 Analysis of Strategic Direction of Morrison’

M8A1 Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

M8A1 - Term Paper Example ever, in the present, the need in developing this business plan is justified in that an individual must unmask all his true entrepreneurial aspirations. Planning and evaluations are take precedence in business decisions, such that during the planning process, issues such as employment should laid before hand and in a clear way on the table. Once such options are clear, the next step might involve evaluation of realistic goals given the available resources. Before a business plan is designed there is also the need to cement a business idea, such as the one proposed in this paper, and according to Hougaard (2005), a business idea must be innovative, fulfills the need of the customers, unique, has clear focus and provides a long term profitability. Â   Business models vary in as many as there are businesses all over the world, and different founders, hence different schools of thought towards business plans. A good business plan should be of a dynamic model addressing the following; market need, image, target group, and the mode of operations. The purpose of this paper is to prepare a business plan that involves the design of male official clothing wear here in the US, and then the manufacturing of the cloths in China, and then exporting them to a store in the United Kingdom using the finest materials and the finest minds in clothing design. The brand name for the company’s name for the product is a catchy phrase containing certain initials of the name of the author of this paper, MARASHI. The Business shall be registered as a limited company, and will enjoy all the trappings that accrue to limited liability companies. Ownership of the company shall initially be a private limited company with ownership drawn from family members and other select few friends. The proposed share capital for this venture shall consist of 100, 000 shares each valued at a nominal share price of $10. All the savings that have been accrued over the years by the author of this document

Fail of E-businesses Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6250 words

Fail of E-businesses - Essay Example This is carried out in the form of a qualitative analysis for the reason that we will evaluate information on both successful as well as failed businesses in order to establish the significance of professional marketing experts who may positively influence it. The assessment delineates that a personnel with efficacious experience in the marketing field is essential to the prosperity of an online business for the reason that it incorporates the fundamental attributes of the business, thereby, transcending the norms of attracting or retaining customers. The marketing of an online business is inclusive of rigorous management of the website, thus, making sure that the technological attributes complement the consumer experience. Further analysis into the matter illustrates that experience is the key to successful online businesses as it augments other attributes such as marketing and business plans. Many businesses on the web may call for professional assistance in marketing, however, onl y in case they do not possess any expertise within the team-force. As a result, it is quite significant to identify the drawbacks as well as negative aspects of the online business module prior to setting up an online deal. ... tly, this dissertation outlines the significance of business partnerships, chiefly, where online business does not play the role of the producer. Table of Contents 1. Chapter 1: Introduction/Background 2. Chapter 2: Literature Review 2.1 Defining e-business 2.2 Market Orientation 2.3 Causes of e-business failure 3. Chapter 3: Methodology 3.1 Research pattern and Strategy 3.2 Discussions 4. Chapter 4: Conclusions and Recommendations Bibliography Chapter 1: Introduction/Background According to Kalakota and Robinson, e-business is one efficient roadway to success, where the actual challenge is to make it happen in the most systematic way with least derailing offered to the existent business (Kalakota and Robinson, 1999). The profound and budding origin of the Internet is on the verge of seizing, shaking, and clutching businesses as well as individuals in a way like never before (Martin, 1999). Despite the fact that the administration of chief companies no longer takes interest in arguing whether the internet would influence their businesses, it does not realize the extent to which it would transform consumers, careers, and associations (Martin, 1999). Many of the corporations even have an abstract team within the firm which they think is efficaciously dealing with the marketing attributes of the business. However, they may tend to deter the constraint of the coming assault on all the features of business world, ranging from product notion and production by mean s of dissemination and utilization. The e-business revolution does prove

Analysis Of Our Planet Earth

Analysis Of Our Planet Earth Explore The planet earth is one of the nine planets in the solar system and the only known planet to harbor life and the home of human beings. From the words of Neil Armstrong, one of the astronauts of the famous Apollo 11, the earth from space resembles a big blue marble with swirling white clouds floating above blue oceans. About 71 percent of the earths surface is covered with water and the rest is land, mostly in the form of continents that rise above the oceans. Origin of the Earth The earth has a unique characteristic that is suited to supporting life. It is neither too hot like planet Mercury, the closest planet to the Sun, nor too cold like planet Mars. For thousands of years, human being could only wonder about the earth and other observable planets in the solar system. Many ideas such as the earth was a sphere and that it travelled around the Sun were based on brilliant reasoning. It was on the development of scientific method especially in the 18th and 19th centuries, that human beings began to gather data that could be used to verify theories about the earth and the rest of the solar system. In the second half of the 20th century, more advances in the study of the earth and the solar system occurred because of the development of rockets that could send spacecrafts beyond Earth. Human beings were able to study and observe Earth from space and satellites equipped with scientific instruments. Scientists have studied the solar system and tried to explain how it was formed. Billions of people are wondering how the huge, lively planet came to be. There are many different theories trying to give explanation of how our home planet came to be. One of the most popular theories of the planets origin is that of Gods creation. Many religious group as well as scientists, embrace the belief that God created the universe and the different steps motivating material and natural development and that these steps then resulted in the formation of the galaxies, the solar system and existence of the earth. This theory is known as Theistic evolution or as evolutionary creationism. This theory h olds the belief that God exceeds common time and space, with nature having no survival self-sufficient of Gods will. The Theistic Evolution Theory poses many questions that can never be answered directly. The sources available are books written by humans. Most accepted belief is the theory of creation in the book of Genesis in the Old Testament. This popular theory states that God created the universe in six days .The Bible offers no evidence to prove the story; rather it relies on the faith of the believers to accept it as truth. Another popular belief is the Big Bang Theory. This theory supports the idea that the universe came about due to a colossal explosion. According to the theory, the universe goes through a tremendously high speed rise that expands within a fraction of a second. Then, the excessive heat of electrons and other particles mix. As atoms and particles charge, still extremely hot, they prevent light from shining, creating a sweltering hot fog. Eventually, the electrons merge with additional particles to structure atoms of hydrogen and helium, causing light to at last shine. Giant clouds are soon formed by the hydrogen and helium gases. Weighty elements that are not clustered together are thrown into space to form stars and planets. Another theory is developed by Immanuel Kant and given scientific form by Pierre Simon Laplace at the end of 18th century. It is known as the Nebular Theory. It was assumed that the solar system in its first state was a nebula, a hot, slowly rotating mass of rare matter, which gradually cooled and contracted, the rotation becoming more rapid, in turn giving nebula a flattened disk-like shape .In time, rings of gaseous matter became separated from the outer part of the disk, until the diminished nebula at the center was surrounded by a series of rings. Out of the material of each ring a great ball was formed, which by shrinking eventually became a planet. The mass at the center of the system condensed to form the sun. Encounter or collision theories, in which a star passes a close by or actually collides with the sun, try to explain the distribution of angular momentum. According to the Planetisimal theory, developed by Thomas Chamberlin and Forest Ray Moulton, in the early part of 20th century, a star passed close to the sun. Huge tides were raised on the surface; and some of these erupted matters were torn free, and by a cross pull from the star, were thrust bodies called planetesimals. As their orbits crossed, the larger bodies grew by absorbing the planetisimals, thus becoming planets. The Gaseous Tidal Theory, proposed by James Jeans and Harold Jeffreys in 1918, is a variation of the planetesimal concept. It suggests that a huge tidal wave, raised on the sun by a force of gravity of a passing star, was drawn into a long filament and became detached from the principal mass. As the stream of gaseous material condensed, it separated into masses of various sizes, which by further condensation took the form of a planet. The Dynamic Encounter Theory of Georges Buffon states that the world was formed out of molten materials from the sun that collided with other planets. According to the Solar Disruption Theory by Georges-Louis Leclerc, the sun and a big star almost collided in space, which made some parts of the sun burst. The pieces formed became planets. Composition and Structure of the Earth Geologists divided the earth into three main zones: hydrosphere, lithosphere, and atmosphere. Hydrosphere consists of the bodies of water that covers 71 percent of the earths surface. The largest of these are the oceans, which contain over 97 percent of all water on Earth. Glaciers and polar ice caps contain over 2 percent of earths water in the form of solid ice. Only about 0.6 is under the surface as groundwater. Groundwater is 36 times more plentiful than water found in lakes, inland seas rivers, and in the atmosphere as water vapor. Most of the water in glacier, lakes inland seas, rivers and groundwater is fresh and can be used for drinking and in agriculture. The atmosphere is the great blanket of gases that surrounds the earth. It is arranged in five layers: troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, and exosphere. Lithosphere refers to all of the earth, from its surface to its center. The earth contains three regions crust, mantle, and core. Crust is the outermost layer of the earth. The crust consists of the continents, and other land areas and the basins or floor of the oceans. It has an average thickness of 25 mile. Mantle is about 800 miles thick of solid silicate rock. Core contains iron and nickel whose outer core is liquid and the inner core is solid. Changes on the Earths Surface Think and Respond How forces inside the earth create and change landforms? Earths surface has been constantly changing ever since the planet was formed. Most of these changes have been taking place slowly over millions of years. These gradual changes resulted in modifications including the formation, erosion, re-formation of mountain ranges, the movement of continents, the creation of super continents and the break-up of smaller continents. There are factors responsible for the changes in the earths surface. These are: Weathering. Weathering is the breakdown of rock at and near the surface of the Earth. Most rocks originally formed in a hot, high pressure environment below the surface where there was little water. Once the rock reached earths surface they were subjected to temperature changes and expand to water. When rocks are subjected to these kinds of conditions, the minerals they contain tend to change. These changes constitute the process of weathering. There are two types of weathering; physical weathering and chemical weathering. Physical weathering includes a decrease in the size of rock materials. Freezing and thawing of water in rock countries for example, splits rocks into small pieces because water expands when it freezes. Chemical weathering involves a chemical change in the composition of rock. Chemical weathering is important to man because it creates the clay minerals that are important component of soil, which is the basis for agriculture. Erosion. Erosion is the process that removes loose and weathered rock and carries it to a new site. Water, wind, and glacial ice combined with the force of gravity can cause erosion. Soil erosion and gullying in the upper Panuco basin, Sierra Madre Oriental, eastern Mexico Think and Explain Why is erosion dangerous? Erosion by running water is the most common process of erosion. When water moves downhill, it can carry loose rocks or soil with it. The force of the running water removes loose particles formed by weathering. In the process, gullies and valleys are lengthened, widened, and deepen. The Grand Canyon of the Colorado River is an example of the eroding power of water. Over a million years the Colorado River has cut a canyon that is more than 1 mile deep. The Nile River of Egypt, for example, brings rich soil from the mountains and spreads it along its banks. Because of this, the Nile Valley is one of the most fertile areas in the world. It is the only part of Egypt where crops can grow, a reason why Egypt was known as The Gift of Nile. On the other hand, the Huang Ho or Yellow River in Northern China often overflows its banks and floods farms and homes. Over the years Huang Ho has done so much damage that people call this river Chinas Sorrow. Erosion can also occur as glacier, or large bodies of ice, move across the surface of the earth. As they move, glaciers change the land destroying forests, carving out valleys, altering the course of the rivers and wearing down mountaintops. Wind is an important cause of erosion only in arid or dry regions. Wind carries sand and dirt, which can scour even solid rock. Erosion caused by wind can either help or hurt people. The plains of Northern China for example, have a thick, rich type of soil that is carried by winds blowing from the deserts far to the west. This soil allows farmers in Northern China to raise great amount of wheat and other food crops. Think and Explain How do you account todays flash floods to soil erosion? Many factors determine the rate and kind of erosion that occurs in a certain area. Then climate of a given area determines the distribution, amount, and kind of precipitation that the area receives, thus, the type and rate of weathering. An area with an arid climate erodes differently than the area with a humid climate. The elevation of an area also plays an important role by determining the potential energy of running water. The higher the elevation, the more water will flow due to the force of gravity. Plate Tectonics. Think and Explain How do scientists predict when and where earthquakes may occur?Opposite the leveling is a force responsible for raising mountains, and plateaus and for creating new landmasses. These changes on earth surface occur in the outermost solid portion of Earth, known as lithosphere. The lithosphere consists of the crust and another region known as the upper mantle. Scientists believe that the lithosphere is broken into a series of plates, or segments. According to the theory of plate tectonics, these plates move around on earths surface over long periods of time. These plates move in different ways in relation to each other. They pull apart or move away from each other, they collide or move against each other, or they slide past each other as they move sideways. These shaking movements of the earth called earthquakes explain geological occurrences such as volcanic eruptions, as well as mountain building and the formation of oceans and continents. Yale Peabody Museum/www.peabody.yale.edu/platetectonics/author Earths Physical Features Earths Features The natural features of the earths land surfaces are called landforms. These features are used to describe and help people to locate specific places. Landforms Think and Explain Why is the earth the only planet for man?Landforms are defined as the natural physical features found on the surface of the earth. Landforms are created as a result of the various forces of nature such as wind, water and ice and also by the movement of the earths tectonic plates. Due to these actions, the soil gets eroded and deposited somewhere far from the site of erosion, thus leads to the formation of different landforms. Some landforms are created in a matter of few hours; others take millions of years to appear. A group of landforms in a particular area is called its landscape. Geographers and geologists refer to four major landforms. Large flat mainly grassy areas are the plains. Lands with elevations more than 1,000 feet above the surrounding areas are called mountains. Hills are elevated land masses that are less than 1,000 feet above their surroundings. Plateaus are flat elevated areas perched between 300 to 3,000 feet high. Minor landforms include buttes, canyons, valleys and basins. Think and Respond How do forces inside the earth create and change landforms? These major landforms were formed as a result of tectonic activity, or earthquakes. Other landforms are the result of volcanic eruptions. In fact, mountains that were formed by tectonic activity are called fold mountains, while those formed by volcanic eruptions are called volcanic mountains. Still other landforms resulted from the effects of weathering, erosion and the movement of glaciers. Think and Respond How did bodies of water such as rivers and seas affect societies? Mountains are perhaps the most noticeable of the major landforms and are found on every continent, as well as beneath the ocean. The highest mountain is Mount Everest in the Himalayas at 29,028 feet. The largest mountain, by volume, is Hawaiis Maono Loa. The longest chain of mountains is the Mid Ocean Range. Both Easter Island in the Pacific Ocean and Iceland are member peaks of this range. More than half of the earths surface is covered by plains like the Central Plains of the United States and the plains in Eastern China. Some plains that continue to grow in surface area are the deltas that form by land carried in the current and deposited at the mouths of major rivers. The largest deltas are the Nile River Delta, Mississippi River Delta and Rhone River Delta. Plateaus account for about 30 percent of the earths surface. They are elevations that terminate in flat lands. Some people call them tablelands because of their shape. There are often layers of both hard and soft rock in a plateau. These landforms were caused when the earths crust was forced upward. Types and Characteristic Features of Landforms There are many types of landforms on the earths surface. Each landform is characterized by its slope, elevation, soil and rock type, stratification and orientation. Some of the common types of landforms and their characteristics are the following: Mountains: Mountains are areas, which are higher than the surrounding areas and are characterized by a peak, e.g. The Himalayas. Surprisingly, they are more frequently present in the oceans than in land. A mountain is steeper than a hill. Mountains are formed due the tectonic movement such as an earthquake or a volcanic eruption. A few are resulted due to erosion of the surrounding areas by the action of wind, water or ice. Plateaus: Plateaus are large highland flat areas separated from the surrounding areas by a steep slope, e.g. The Tibetan plateau. Plateaus are formed due to various actions such as collision of the earths tectonic plates, uplift of the earths crust by the action of magma; some are resulted due to the lava flow from the volcanic eruption. Islands: Islands are areas that are completely surrounded by water, e.g. The Hawaiian Islands. Islands are formed either as a result of the volcanic eruption or due to the presence of hot spots on the lithosphere. Plains: Plains are flat areas or low relief areas on the earths surface, e.g. prairies, steppes. Plains are formed due to the sedimentation of the eroded soil from the hills and mountains or due to the flowing lava deposited by the agents of wind, water and ice. Valleys: Valleys are flat areas of land between the hills or mountains, e.g. The California Central Valley. Mostly they are formed by the actions of rivers and glaciers. Depending upon the shape, valley forms are classified as U-shaped or V-shaped valley. V-shaped valleys are formed by flowing water or rivers, whereas U-shaped valleys are formed by glaciers. Deserts: Deserts are very dry lands with little or no rainfall, for example, The Sahara desert. Mostly deserts are formed in rain shadow areas, which are leeward of a mountain range with respect to the wind direction. Thus, the mountains block the passage of wind resulting in little or sometimes no rain. Loess: Loess are deposits of silt and with a little amount of sand and clay. Many a times wind action is responsible for formation of loess; however sometimes glacial activity can also form loess. Rivers: Rivers are natural flowing stream of freshwater, e.g. The Nile. They mostly flow towards lakes or oceans but sometimes they dried up without reaching another water body. River water is collected from the surface water runoffs, groundwater water recharge and sometimes from the water reservoirs such as glaciers. Landforms definitely play an important role in the formation of rivers. Oceans: Oceans are the biggest form of water and are saline, such as The Pacific Ocean. Oceans of the world covers around 71% of the earths surface and control the weather and climate of the earths surface. Think and Explain Are landforms still affecting todays development? Glaciers: Glaciers are huge slow moving body of ice. Glaciers are formed due to the compaction of snow layers and moves with respect to gravity and pressure. Mainly there are two types of glaciers- Alpine glaciers, which are formed in high mountains and Continental glaciers, which are formed in cold Polar Regions. Continents Land surface of the earth was divided into seven landmasses called continents. Land surface of the earth was divided into seven landmasses called continents. A continent is defined as a large unbroken land mass completely surrounded by water, although in some cases continents are (or were in part) connected by land bridges. The seven continents are North America, South America, Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia, and Antarctica. The islands in the Pacific are often called Oceania. Illus. 1. The seven continents of the world. Europe Geographically, Europe, including the British Isles, is a large western peninsula of the continent of Asia; and many geographers, refer to Europe and Asia, as the Eurasian continent. But traditionally, Europe is counted as a separate continent, with the Ural and the Caucasus mountains forming the line of demarcation between Europe and Asia. Europe is a large peninsula with a long irregular coastline with varied mountains, and islands. The continent of Europe is a relatively small part of the Eurasian landmass, encompassing 3,827,308 square miles. It is bounded on the west by the Atlantic Ocean, on the south by the Mediterranean Sea and the Black Sea, on the east by Asia, and on the north by the Arctic Ocean. Europes highest point is Mt. Elbrus in Russia, at 18,510 feet above sea level. Its lowest point is the Caspian Sea in Russia, at 90 feet below sea level. The longest river in Europe is the Volga, which runs through Russia for about 2,300 miles. Also in Russia is the continents largest lake, Lake Ladoga, which covers an area of 6,834 square miles. Europe consists of over 40 countries, with approximate total population of 803, 850, 858 in 2009. Its two major English-speaking countries, the United Kingdom and Ireland, are island nations. Germany and France are the two most populous nations of central Europe. Two of Europes southernmost countries, Greece and Italy are Mediterranean Sea peninsulas. Four of the continents northern countries Denmark, Finland, Norway, and Sweden comprise a region known as Scandinavia. Asia Think and Respond What physical features might have been a great help for the Europeans to explore and settle in the Philippines? Asia is the largest of the Earths seven continents, lying almost entirely in the Northern Hemisphere. With outlying islands, it covers an estimated 44,391,000 sq km (17,139,000 sq mi), or about 30 percent of the worlds total land area. Its peoples account for three-fifths of the worlds population; in 2009 Asia had an estimated 4.10 billion inhabitants. Most geographers regard Asia as bounded on the north by the Arctic Ocean, on the east by the Bering Strait and the Pacific Ocean, on the south by the Indian Ocean, and on the southwest by the Red Sea and Mediterranean Sea. On the west, the Ural Mountain serves as boundary between Europe and Asia. Some geographers include Europe and Asia together in a larger Eurasian region, noting that western Asian countries, such as Turkey, merge almost imperceptibly into Europe. The continental mainland stretches from the southern end of the Malay Peninsula to Cape Chelyuskin in Siberia. The lowest and highest points on the Earths surface are in Asia, namely, the shore of the Dead Sea which is 408 m/1,340 ft. below sea level in 1996) and Mount Everest which is which is about 8,850 m/29,035 ft above sea level. Asia is divided into different regional groups namely; Southwest Asia, South Asia, East Asia, Southeast Asia and Central or North Asia. Southwest Asia spans a vast area that encompasses the following countries; Afghanistan, Bahrain, Cyprus, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Turkey, and United Arab Emirates. South Asia is a large landmass that extends southward from the continent of Asia into the Indian Ocean its nearly 1,591,890 square mile or 2,561,351 sq km occupying about 10 percent of the land area of Asia. This region includes the following countries; Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri-Lanka. East Asia is separated from the rest of the Asian continent by rugged highlands and towering mountain ranges. It comprises the following countries; China, Japan, Mongolia, North Korea, South Korea, and Taiwan. Southeast Asia covers a land area of about 1.7 million square miles or 4.4 million sq km. It is bordered by the Pacific Ocean to the east and the Bay of Bengal and the Indian Ocean to the west and south. The following countries are included in the region; Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand and Vietnam. Central Asia/ North Asia is a region from the Caspian Sea in the west to Central China in the east, and from Southern Russia in the north to Afghanistan in the south. It has a varied geography. The region includes the following countries: Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan. North America The third-largest continent on Earth is North America. It lies mostly between the Arctic Circle and the Tropic of Cancer. It is almost completely surrounded by bodies of water, including the Pacific Ocean, the Bering Strait, the Arctic Ocean, the Atlantic Ocean, and the Caribbean Sea and Gulf of Mexico. Area: 9,361,791 sq mi (24,247,039 sq km). Population (2008 est.): 528, 720, 588. It is shaped like an inverted triangle .To the southeast are the Appalachian Mountains and to the west are the younger and much taller Cordilleras. These mountains extend the length of the continent and occupy about one-third of the total land area. The Rocky Mountains constitute the eastern Cordillera. The highest point is Mount McKinley. The Mississippi River basin, including its major tributaries, the Missouri and Ohio, occupies more than one-eighth of the continents total area. Generally temperate climatic conditions prevail. South America South America, fourth largest of the Earths seven continents after Asia, Africa, and North America occupying 17,820,900 sq km (6,880,700 sq mi), or 12 percent of the Earths land surface. It lies astride the equator and tropic of Capricorn and is joined by the Isthmus of Panama, on the north, to Central and North America. The continent extends 7,400 km (4,600 mi) from the Caribbean on the north to Cape Horn on the south, and its maximum width, between Ponta do Seixas, on Brazils Atlantic coast, and Punta Parià ±as on Perus Pacific coast, is 5,160 km (3,210 mi). South America has a 2009 estimated population of 394 million, or 6 percent of the worlds people. The continent comprises 12 nations. Ten of the countries are Latin: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Columbia, Ecuador, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay, and Venezuela. Two of the nations are former dependencies: Guyana, of the United Kingdom, and Suriname, of The Netherlands. South America also includes French Guiana, an overseas departm ent of France. The coastline of South America is relatively regular except in the extreme south and southwest, where it is indented by numerous inlet. The Andes Mountain, the second highest mountain range in the world is situated, in South America. The main lowland is the vast Amazon Basin in the equatorial part of the continent; it is drained by the Amazon River, the worlds second longest river. The Orinoco River drains a lowland in the north; to the south lies the Paraguay-Parana basin. The lowest point in South America (40 m/ 131 ft below sea level) is on Peninsula Valdà ©s in eastern Argentina, and the greatest elevation (6,960 m/22,834 ft) is atop Aconcagua in western Argentina, the highest peak in the Western Hemisphere. Africa Africa is the second largest of the earths seven continents, covering, with adjacent islands, about 30,300,000 sq km (about 11,699,000 sq mi), or about 20% of the worlds total land area. In the mid 2009, some 999 million people, or about 14.72% of the worlds population inhabited Africa. Straddling the equator, Africa stretches about 8000 km (about 4970 mi) from its northernmost point, Cape Blanc (ar-Ras al-Abyad) in Tunisia, to its southernmost tip, Cape Agulhas in South Africa. The maximum width of the continent, measured from the tip of Cape Verde in Senegal, in the West, to Ras Hafun in Somalia, in the East, is about 7560 km (about 4700 mi). The highest point on the continent is the perpetually snowcapped Mt. Kilimanjaro (5895 m/19,340 ft) in Tanzania, and the lowest is Lake Assal (153 m/502 ft below sea level) in Djibouti. Africa has a regular coastline characterized by few indentations. Its total length is only about 30,490 km (about 18,950 mi); the length of its coastline in proportion to its area is less than that of any other continent. Think and Respond Why are the people in the desert usually nomads? The chief islands of Africa include Madagascar, Zanzibar, Pemba, Mauritius, Rà ©union, the Seychelles, and the Comoro islands in the Indian Ocean; Sà £o Tomà ©, Prà ­ncipe, Annobà ³n, and Bioko in the Gulf of Guinea; Saint Helena, Ascension, and the Bijagà ³s islands in the Atlantic; and the Cape Verde, Canary, and Madeira Islands in the North Atlantic. Africa may be divided into three major regions: the Northern Plateau, the Central and Southern Plateau, and the Eastern Highlands. Low-lying coastal strips, with the exception of the Mediterranean coast and the Guinea coast, are generally narrow and rise sharply to the plateau. The outstanding feature of the Northern Plateau is the Sahara, the great desert that occupies more than one-quarter of Africa. At the border of the Northern Plateau are several mountainous regions. To the Northwest lies the Atlas Mountain, a chain of rugged peaks linked by high plateaus, which extend from Morocco into Tunisia. Other prominent uplands are the Futa Jallon, on the Southwest, and the Adamawa Massif and the Cameroon mountain range, on the South. The Lake Chad Basin is situated in the approximate center of the Northern Plateau. The Central and Southern Plateau is considerably higher than the Northern Plateau and includes west central and South Africa. It contains several major depressions, notably the Congo River Basin and the Kalahari Desert. Other feature South of this plateau is the Drakensberg Mountain. The Eastern Highlands, the highest portion of the continent, lie near the east coast, extending from the Red Sea South to the Zambezi River. South of the Ethiopian Plateau are a number of towering volcanic peaks, including Mt. Kilimanjaro, Mt. Kenya, and Mt. Elgon. West of the Great Rift Valley is the Ruwenzori Range. Australia/Oceania The continent of Australia/Oceania links together the continental landmass of Australia with the huge number of widely scattered islands across the Pacific Ocean. This continent includes New Guinea, Tasmania, New Zealand, Hawaii, and the countless islands of Melanesia, Micronesia, and Polynesia. The continent of Australia is such a relatively low and flat place. Although the Great Dividing Range has some interesting areas such as the Blue Mountains area, and there is some nice mountain scenery, the bulk of the continent is simply just not mountainous at all. The highest point on the Australian landmass is Mt. Kosciusko (7310/2228m), a peak with a road to the top. The continent of Australia/Oceania holds a respectable amount of serious mountains situated in the Oceania. In New Zealand and New Guinea are world-class mountain ranges: Puncak Java, which is 5,030 meter, and in New Guinea is the highest summit in this part of the world. There is also the Southern Alps of New Zealand, which is a craggy, snowy range that challenges the best climbers in the world. Many other islands of Oceania hold mountains that are either higher or more interesting that those of mainland Australia; highlights include the ranges of Tasmania, Tahiti, Fiji, the Solomon Islands, and the massive shield volcanoes of Hawaii. Antarctica is the fifth largest of Earths seven continents. Antarctica surrounds the South Pole and is a place of extremes. It is the southernmost, coldest, iciest, driest, windiest, most remote, and most recently discovered continent. Nearly the entire landmass lies within the Antarctic Circles. Air temperatures of the high inland regions fall below -80 °C (-110 °F) in winter and rise only to -30 °C (-20 °F) in summer. Massive ice sheets built up from snow over millions of years cover almost all of the continent and float in huge ice shelves on coastal waters. In winter, frozen seawater (sea ice) more than doubles the size of the Antarctic ice cap. Antarcticas vast areas of ice on land and on sea play a major role in Earths climate and could be strongly affected by global warming. The melting of Antarctic ice could dramatically raise global sea level. Antarctica means opposite to the Arctic, Earths northernmost region. Antarctica is completely encircled` by the Southern Ocean. The entire area south of the Antarctic Convergence is referred to as the Antarctic region. The Earth Ensure Changes in the Earths Surface Composition and Structure Origin Atmosphe