Ancient Egyptian Art & Architecture Essay

Because of the shortage of wood the two transcendent structure materials utilized in old Egypt were sun-heated mud blocks and stone, mostly limestone yet additionally sandstone and rock in extensive amounts. From the Old Kingdom ahead, stone was commonly held for burial chambers and sanctuaries, while blocks were utilized in any event, for imperial royal residences, posts, the dividers of sanctuary regions and towns, and for auxiliary structures in sanctuary edifices. The center of the pyramids originated from stone quarried in the zone as of now while the limestone, presently dissolved away, that was utilized to confront the pyramids originated from the opposite side of the Nile River and must be quarried, carried over, and cut during the dry season before they could be maneuvered into place on the pyramid. Antiquated Egyptian houses were made out of mud gathered from the Nile stream. It was put in molds and left to dry in the blistering sun to solidify for use in development. Numerous Egyptian towns have vanished in light of the fact that they were arranged close to the developed region of the Nile Valley and were overwhelmed as the stream bed gradually rose during the centuries, or the mud blocks of which they were manufactured were utilized by laborers as compost. Others are difficult to reach (aloof), new structures having been raised on antiquated ones. Luckily, the dry, hot atmosphere of Egypt safeguarded some mud block structures. Models incorporate the town Deir al-Madinah, the Middle Kingdom town at Kahun, and the strongholds at Buhen and Mirgissa. Additionally, numerous sanctuaries and burial chambers have endure in light of the fact that they were based on high ground unaffected by the Nile flood and were developed of stone. Along these lines, our comprehension of old Egyptian engineering depends for the most part on strict landmarks, enormous structures described by thick, inclining dividers with hardly any openings, perhaps reverberating a strategy for development used to get steadiness in mud dividers. Along these lines, the etched and straight displayed surface embellishment (enhancement) of the stone structures may have gotten from mud divider ornamentation. Despite the fact that the utilization of the curve was created during the fourth tradition, every great structure are post and lintel developments, with level rooftops built of immense stone squares bolstered by the outside dividers and the firmly separated segments. Outside and inside dividers, just as the sections and wharfs (landing place) were secured with hieroglyphic and pictorial (representative) frescoes and carvings painted in splendid hues. Numerous themes (plan) of Egyptian ornamentation are emblematic, for example, the scarab or holy creepy crawly, the sun oriented circle and the vulture. Other regular themes incorporate palm leaves, the papyrus plant, and the buds and blossoms of the lotus. Pictographs were engraved for beautifying purposes just as to record memorable occasions or spells. Moreover, these pictorial frescoes and carvings permit us to see how the Ancient Egyptians lived, statuses, wars that were battled and their convictions. This was particularly obvious while investigating the burial chambers of Ancient Egyptian authorities lately. Old Egyptian sanctuaries were lined up with cosmically noteworthy occasions, for example, solstices and equinoxes, requiring exact (precise) estimations right now of the specific occasion. Estimations at the most huge sanctuaries may have been formally embraced by the Pharaoh himself. Artistic expressions: Ancient Egyptian works of art are portrayed by normality and nitty gritty delineation of divine beings, people, brave fights, and nature, and were expected to give comfort to the perished in existence in the wake of death. Egyptian workmanship in all structures complied with one law: the method of speaking to Pharaohs, divine beings, man, nature and the earth. Old Egyptian workmanship shows a phenomenally clear portrayal of the Ancient Egyptian’s financial status and conviction frameworks. Engineering: Ancient Egyptian draftsmen utilized sun-dried and oven heated blocks, fine sandstone, limestone and stone. Hieroglyphic and pictorial carvings in splendid hues were inexhaustibly used to embellish Egyptian structures. Papyrus: Papyrus is a plant. Papyrus was utilized by old Egyptians for composing and painting. Papyrus messages show all components of old Egyptian life and incorporate abstract, strict, verifiable and managerial records. Earthenware: Ancient Egyptians utilized steatite (a few assortments were called soapstone). Various kinds of stoneware things were saved in burial chambers of the dead. Whatever earthenware things spoke to inside pieces of the body, similar to the lungs, the liver and littler digestion tracts, which were expelled before treating (the craftsmanship and study of briefly safeguarding human remains). Figure: The old craft of Egyptian model advanced to speak to the antiquated Egyptian divine beings, Pharaohs, and the lords and sovereigns, in physical structure. Extremely severe shows were followed while creating sculptures: male sculptures were darker than the female ones; in situated sculptures, hands were required to be put on knees and explicit principles administered appearance of each Egyptian god. Egyptian Art Ancient Egyptian workmanship is the painting, model, design and different expressions delivered by the human advancement in the lower Nile Valley from 5000 BC to 300 AD. Antiquated Egyptian craftsmanship arrived at a significant level in painting and form, and was both exceptionally adapted and representative. A great part of the enduring workmanship originates from burial chambers and landmarks and in this way there is an accentuation on eternal life and the safeguarding of information on the past. The nature of perception and execution began at an elevated level and stayed close to that level all through the second and third administration. Compositions: Egyptian canvas is supposed to be one of the most one of a kind and puzzling properties of Egypt. Egyptian work of art isn't oil-based or fresco-based, it is tempura-based. Every Egyptian alleviation were painted on a level surface. Shades were for the most part mineral, picked to withstand solid daylight without blurring. The coupling medium utilized in painting stays indistinct. In the wake of painting, a varnish or gum was typically applied as a defensive covering. The artworks were regularly made with the purpose of making a charming life following death for the perished. Some burial place artworks show exercises that the perished were associated with when they were alive and wished to continue accomplishing forever. Egyptian works of art are painted in such a manner to show a profile see and a side perspective on the creature or individual. Periods in Art: The Ancient Egyptian workmanship style is known as Amarna craftsmanship. It was portrayed by a feeling of development and movement in pictures. Likewise, the human body is depicted contrastingly in Amarna style craftsmanship than Egyptian workmanship all in all. Countenances are still demonstrated only in profile.

Get a Look at Some Giant Mammals of the Cenozoic Era

Get a Look at Some Giant Mammals of the Cenozoic Era The word megafauna implies monster creatures. Despite the fact that dinosaurs of the Mesozoic Era were nothing if not megafauna, this word is all the more regularly applied to the monster warm blooded animals (and, to a lesser degree, the goliath fowls, and reptiles) that lived somewhere in the range of 40 million to 2,000 years back. More to the point, goliath ancient creatures that can guarantee all the more unassumingly estimated relatives, for example, the monster beaver and the mammoth ground sloth-are bound to be put under the megafauna umbrella than unclassifiable, hefty measured brutes like Chalicotherium or Moropus. Its likewise imperative to recall that warm blooded creatures didnt succeed the dinosaurs-they lived directly nearby the tyrannosaurs, sauropods, and hadrosaurs of the Mesozoic Era, yet in small bundles (most Mesozoic vertebrates were about the size of mice, yet a couple were similar to mammoth house felines). It wasnt until around 10 or 15 million years after the dinosaurs went terminated that these warm blooded creatures began developing into monster measures, a procedure that proceeded (with discontinuous eliminations, bogus beginnings, and impasses) well into the last Ice Age. The Giant Mammals of the Eocene, Oligocene, and Miocene Epochs The Eocene age, from 56 to 34 million years prior, saw the first larger estimated herbivorous well evolved creatures. The accomplishment of Coryphodon, a half-ton plant-eater with a minor, dinosaur-sized cerebrum, can be surmised by its wide dissemination across early Eocene North America and Eurasia. Be that as it may, the megafauna of the Eocene age truly hit its sweet spot with the bigger Uintatherium and Arsinoitherium, the first of a progression of - therium (Greek for mammoth) warm blooded creatures that enigmatically looked like hybrids of rhinoceroses and hippopotamuses. The Eocene additionally gestated the main ancient ponies, whales, and elephants. Any place you discover enormous, slow-witted plant-eaters, youll additionally discover the carnivores that help hold their populace in line. In the Eocene, this job was filled by the enormous, enigmatically canine animals called mesonychids (Greek for center paw). The wolf-sized Mesonyx and Hyaenodon are regularly viewed as tribal to hounds (despite the fact that it involved an alternate part of mammalian development), however the ruler of the mesonychids was the tremendous Andrewsarchus, at 13 feet in length and gauging one ton, the biggest earthly rapacious warm blooded animal that at any point lived. Andrewsarchus was equaled in size just by Sarkastodon-truly, that is its genuine name-and the a lot later Megistotherium. The fundamental example built up during the Eocene age huge, idiotic, herbivorous well evolved creatures went after by littler however brainier carnivores-endured into the Oligocene and Miocene, 33 to 5 million years prior. The cast of characters was somewhat more odd, including such brontotheres (thunder brutes) as the massive, hippo-like Brontotherium and Embolotherium, just as hard to-arrange beasts like Indricotherium, which looked (and most likely carried on) like a cross between a pony, a gorilla, and a rhinoceros. The biggest non-dinosaur land creature that at any point lived, Indricotherium (otherwise called Paraceratherium) weighed between 15 to 33 tons, making grown-ups basically safe to predation by contemporary saber-toothed felines. The Megafauna of the Pliocene and Pleistocene Epochs Monster well evolved creatures like Indricotherium and Uintatherium havent reverberated with people in general as much as the more recognizable megafauna of the Pliocene and Pleistocene ages. This is the place we experience captivating monsters like Castoroides (goliath beaver) and Coelodonta (wooly rhino), also mammoths, mastodons, the mammoth steers predecessor known as the auroch, the mammoth deer Megaloceros, the cavern bear, and the greatest saber-toothed feline of all, Smilodon. For what reason did these creatures develop to such hilarious sizes? Maybe a superior inquiry to pose is the reason their relatives are so little all things considered, smooth beavers, sloths, and felines are a moderately late turn of events. It might have something to do with the ancient atmosphere or an unusual harmony that won among predators and prey. No conversation of ancient megafauna would be finished without a deviation about South America and Australia, island mainlands that hatched their own weird cluster of colossal warm blooded creatures (until around 3,000,000 years prior, South America was totally cut off from North America). South America was the home of the three-ton Megatherium (mammoth ground sloth), just as such odd brutes as Glyptodon (an ancient armadillo the size of a Volkswagen Bug) and Macrauchenia, which can best be depicted as a pony crossed with a camel crossed with an elephant. Australia, a great many years prior as today, had the most peculiar combination of mammoth untamed life on the planet, including Diprotodon (monster wombat), Procoptodon (goliath short-confronted kangaroo) and Thylacoleo (marsupial lion), just as nonmammalian megafauna like Bullockornis (also called the evil presence duck of fate), the mammoth turtle Meiolania, and the monster screen reptile Megalania (the biggest land-staying reptile since the annihilation of the dinosaurs). The Extinction of the Giant Mammals In spite of the fact that elephants, rhinoceroses, and arranged enormous warm blooded animals are still with us today, a large portion of the universes megafauna ceased to exist somewhere in the range of 50,000 to 2,000 years back, an all-inclusive death known as the Quaternary elimination occasion. Researchers point to two principle offenders: first, the worldwide dive in temperatures brought about by the last Ice Age, in which numerous enormous creatures starved to death (herbivores from absence of their standard plants, carnivores from absence of herbivores), and second, the ascent of the most perilous warm blooded animals of all-people. Its still muddled to what degree the wooly mammoths, goliath sloths, and different warm blooded creatures of the late Pleistocene age capitulated to chasing by early people this is simpler to picture in secluded situations like Australia than over the entire degree of Eurasia. A few specialists have been blamed for exaggerating the impacts of human chasing, while others (maybe so as to jeopardized creatures today) have been accused of undercounting the quantity of mastodons the normal Stone Age clan could cudgel to death. Pending additional proof, we may never know without a doubt.

Fun in NYC Part 1

Fun in NYC Part 1 Every once in a while something so noteworthy comes along that it warrants two blog entries. This is not because I want to hog the MITAdmissions home page or because I just like seeing my own face, its simply because this particular episode flows better and will work nicely when separated into two distinct entries. If youll kindly remember, I have this awesome little class that I like to call Toy Design. Also, if you can wrack your brains enough, youll remember that I mentioned we were going to take a trip to Hasbros world headquarters, conveniently located in nearby Rhode Island (which is about a 1 hour drive from MIT). Thursday came, we all packed into the charter bus (and by packed I mean sat comfortably in a bus designed for twice as many people as we had) and chatted jovially all the way there. When we arrived we were greeted by a giant fiberglass Mr. Potato Head. Things only got better from there as we noticed that the reserved parking spots were marked with large Monopoly cards, the glass on the front of the factory was laser etched with Mr. Potato Head, and immediately inside we were met by My Little Pony, more Mr. Potato Head, and Transformers toys everywhere! Unfortunately, thats where my coverage of the Hasbro world headquarters ends because we werent allowed to take pictures of anything. We were taken down Main Street and got to see the really old, original versions of most of the Hasbro toys including the original Monopoly board, the original Mr. Potato Head pieces, a 4 foot tall light bright, an $8,000 Mr. Potato Head (diamonds, rubies, etc.) and a life sized version of the Monopoly car game piece. After main street we went into the cafeteria and were spoken to by many members of the Hasbro staff about what goes into the design process. We saw old toys, current toys, and even prototypes of toys yet to be released. After 2 hours of listening to stories we were allowed to ask questions and chat with the staff on an individual basis, which was very insightful. Hasbro is awesome, they care a lot about what they do, and it was fun to get a glimpse into the workings of a toy factory! The real story begins when I got home from Hasbro. I was surfing Engadget and found this article. This was the line that struck me: Hasbro will be showing off the Blaster Controller at Toy Fair 2008 next week, so hopefully well get some more release info then. Keep in mind, I was in a very toy-oriented mood and now all of a sudden there was talk of some magical thing called Toy Fair 2008. WHATS TOY FAIR!? I quickly did some Google searches I found this Wikipedia article: The American International Toy Fair (the trademarked name uses all capitals for TOY FAIR) is one of a few major toy industry trade shows held around the world. It is held annually in late winter (mid February) in New York Citys Toy District (Broadway and 5th Avenue in the mid 20s) and at the Jacob K. Javits Convention Center, and is open to the toy trade only. It is staged by the Toy Industry Association. The show is claimed by the promoters to be the largest toy trade show in the Western Hemisphere. In 2006, more than 1,500 manufacturers, distributors, importers and sales agents from 30 countries exhibited their toy and entertainment products in over 300,000 square feet of exhibit space Oh. My. God. *Frantically searches for a date* Exhibit Dates Hours Sunday, February 17, 10:00 am â€" 6:00 pm Monday, February 18, 9:00 am â€" 6:00 pm Tuesday, February 19, 9:00 am â€" 6:00 pm Wednesday, February 20, 9:00 am â€" 4:00 pm This Weekend!? New York!? Toys!?!?!? Brains have this really cool way of thinking of about a million things at once, have you ever noticed that? Heres what flashed through my brain in the span of about 2 seconds: 1) New York City is close by! 2) This would be great for Toy Design! 3) Monday is a holiday, I could go then! 4) I need a friend, no way Im going alone . . . 5) Maddie! 6) Ooo, open to the toy trade only, bummer 7) HASBRO! 8) How much $$$ 9) MIT could pay! 10) Awesome Awesome Awesome! I dug around the Toy Fair Website and found the registration form. I read it very carefully. One way to get into the Toy Fair was to be a member of the TIA (Toy Industry Association). I wasnt. The other way involved a bunch of paperwork. The skinny of it is that I needed a minimum of two of the following: • Tax Resale Certificate or Business License • Recent Invoices showing purchase of youth industry related products • Yellow Pages listing • Printed materials (brochures, catalogs, sell sheets, etc.) illustrating industry related products • Letter of Intent from a lawyer or bank on official letterhead stating your intent to start a business (For new retailers only) • Company Credit Card or Company Paycheck stub • Letter from a toy industry client on their letterhead confirming your business relationship • Letter of Referral from an exhibiting youth product manufacturer or agent with whom you do business (Mandatory for Inventors) • Business Card listing job title, company and address • List of Lines you currently represent (For Manufacturer’s Reps only) Some of these were like Psh, sure, like THATs gonna happen. Tax Resale Certificate or Business License? Yellow Pages listing? *scans listings some more* Wait, what about these two? • Letter from a toy industry client on their letterhead confirming your business relationship • Letter of Referral from an exhibiting youth product manufacturer or agent with whom you do business (Mandatory for Inventors) You know, in movies , how memories and flashbacks will float above the characters head, all hazy and watered down, and reveal the answer to some complicated problem? Thats what happened to me, heres my flashback: [The scene: Sitting at Hasbro, listening to the Project Engineering Manager Kevin speaking] I hope you enjoyed hearing about Hasbro today. Heres my card, if you ever need anything, just let me know. Wed be happy to help . . . to help . . .to hel- [fade to black] I went to find Maddie and pitch the idea to her. On Monday morning at 2:00 AM we would take the bus from South Station to Chinatown in New York City ($15 normally, $25 at 2 AM. If youre an MIT student you should know about this bus!). We would arrive in NYC at around 6 AM and kill four hours before heading to Toy Fair. Wed stay at Toy Fair until 6 PM, eat some dinner, and then catch the 7 or 8 oclock bus back to Boston, making it back to MIT around 11 or 12 oclock, just in time for class on Tuesday. There were a couple of issues, one being that we would need letters from Hasbro to get us in. Remember, its Thursday and Toy Fair is on Monday, thats not a lot of time to scramble stuff together. Also, the $100 entrance fee was too much for either of us, so it would have to be subsidized by MIT or we couldnt go. I sent this e-mail to my Toy Design professor: Prof. Kudrowitz, Thanks for the awesome trip to Hasbro today, it was extremely fun, definitely a good way to spend a Thursday. I have a fairly intricate proposal for you, which would be awesome if it could work out. Would it be naive to think that you werent aware of Toy Fair 2008 happening in NYC this weekend? I just discovered this this afternoon after our trip and started looking in to how I could attend. Maddie Hickman is interested as well, and fortunately for us we meet the initial criteria (not an infant, over 18 years old). The next bit is a little tricky . . . We need two of the following forms: [forms listed] We would attend as inventors (because thats what we are now). Hasbro is really supportive of our class, do you think they would be willing to provide these forms for the two of us? Ken did say to call if there was anything we needed, and Maddie and I think that going to the Toy Fair would, in all seriousness, be really helpful for our topic-reveal on Tuesday and for our design process in general. With these two forms there would be only one more hurdle. Its $100 per person, which is a little hard for us to pay for. Would 2.00b be able to subsidize it at all? Its curriculum related and we would do whatever you would like us to while there (take notes, interview people etc). Maddie and I are really excited about the prospect of doing this, can you give us a thumbs up or snap us out of our fantasy? Wed probably have to contact Hasbro tomorrow (Friday) to get the forms. Wed be willing to front the entrance fee so just as long as we know some financial help would be available, there would be no hurry to actually get us the money. Thanks for the help, and thanks again for the trip today! -Michael Snively and Maddie Hickman Now we wait. 10 minutes later (people here are really good about checking e-mail . . . .) we get this: Michael, I think it is possible. I was planning on attending myself, but I am very sick and I also have to build the 2.00b shop this weekend. I ccEd Lief Askeland (Hasbro VP) to see if he could provide letters, but it is quite short notice. I will also have to ask David about the funding. Lets see what happens Barry Oh. My. God. (I know, its the second time Ive used it, but it fits!) This could actually happen! AAAAHHHH!!!! The next two days were fairly frantic and full of a lot of e-mails. Ill try to summarize it the best I can. Lief Askeland e-mailed his secretary and told her the details. Then he sent her the official letter to be typed on company letterhead with our names on it , instructing her to overnight it to us. We provided our official names and expressed concern about overnighting. Faxing was considered, but in the end the letters were given to a man named Jonathan Pale who would meet us at Toy Fair and deliver them there. Here is the final e-mail of the string: Ok, Just to be clear..Jonathan Pale will meet the students at 10 at the Jarvits centre. If they take the train please let them know that there is a free bus from Pen station to Jarvits. Please contact Jonathan at [phone number] to agree to meeting destination. He will pick up the entrance charges. Leif and just like that, it was done. Maddie and I were to head to New York City to attend Toy Fair 2008 as official inventors for Hasbro with Hasbro picking up the tab. We were a bit excited . . .

Unitarian and Universalist Women

Many Unitarian and Universalist women were among the activists who worked for womens rights; others were leaders in the arts, humanities, politics and other fields. Â  The list below is fairly extensive and includes women from before the Unitarian and Universalist movements merged as well as afterwards, and also includes some women from neighboring movements including Ethical Culture. Listed in order of their birth years. American unless otherwise indicated. Anne Bradstreet 1612-1672 Nonconformist poet, writer; descendents include Unitarians William Ellery Channing, Wendell Phillips, Oliver Wendell Holmes Anna Laetitia Aiken Barbauld 1743-1825 Unitarian (British) activist, poet Judith Sargent Murray 1751-1820 Universalist poet and author; wrote essay on feminism: On the Equality of the Sexes in 1790 (Rossi, 1973) Mary Wollstonecraft 1759-1797 Unitarian; married Unitarian minister author, wrote Vindication of the Rights of Woman in 1792) and Maria or the Wrongs of Woman; mother of Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley, author. Mary Moody Emerson 1774-1863 Unitarian writer; many of her unpublished writings foreshadow the ideas of her nephew, Ralph Waldo Emerson Maria Cook 1779-1835 Universalist jailed after preaching Universalism Lucy Barnes 1780-1809 Universalist Universalist writer, poet Eliza Lee Cabot Follen 1787-1860 Unitarian childrens author, abolitionist; she, with husband Charles Follen, Harvard German instructor, introduced the Christmas tree custom to America Eliza Farrar 1791-1870 Quaker, Unitarian childrens author, abolitionist Lucretia Mott 1793-1880 Quaker, Free Religious Association reformer: abolition, feminism, peace, temperance, liberal religion; cousin of Phebe Hanaford (also on this list) Frederika Bremer 1801-1865 Unitarian (Swedish) novelist, feminist, pacifist Harriet Martineau 1802-1876 British Unitarian writer, social critic, journalist, feminist Lydia Maria Child 1802-1880 Unitarian author, abolitionist, reformer; wrote An Appeal in Favor of That Class of Americans Called Africans and Over the River and Through the Woods Dorothea Dix 1802-1887 Unitarian mental health reformer, prison reformer, poet Elizabeth Palmer Peabody 1804-1894 Unitarian, Transcendentalist (teacher, author, reformer; sister to Mary Peabody Mann and Sophia Peabody Hawthorne (both also on this list); close associate of William Ellery Channing Sarah Flower Adams 1805-1848 Unitarian (British) hymn writer: Nearer My God to Thee Mary Tyler Peabody Mann 1806-1887 Unitarian educator; sister to Elizabeth Palmer Peabody and Sophia Peabody Hawthorne (both on this list), married to Horace Mann Maria Weston Chapman 1806-1885 Unitarian abolitionist Mary Carpenter 1807-1877 Unitarian (British) abolitionist, teacher, juvenile justice reformer Sophia Peabody Hawthorne 1809-1871 Unitarian author and writer; sister to Elizabeth Parker Peabody and Mary Peabody Mann (both also on this list), married to Nathaniel Hawthorne Fanny Kemble 1809-1893 Unitarian (British) poet, Shakespearean actress; author of Journal of a Residence on a Georgian Plantation in 1838-39 Margaret Fuller 1810-1850 Unitarian, Transcendentalist American writer, journalist, and philosopher; friend of Ralph Waldo Emerson Elizabeth Gaskell 1810-1865 Unitarian writer, reformer, wife of Unitarian minister William Gaskell Ellen Sturgis Hooper 1812-1848 Transcendentalist Unitarian poet, sister of Caroline Sturgis Tappan (also on this list) Elizabeth Cady Stanton 1815-1902 Unitarian suffragist, organizer, writer, co-author of The Womans Bible, mother of Harriot Stanton Blatch (also on this list) Lydia Moss Bradley 1816-1908 Unitarian and Universalist educator, philanthropist, founded Bradley University Charlotte Saunders Cushman 1816-1876 Unitarian actor Lucy N. Colman 1817-1906 Universalist abolitionist, feminist, freethinker Lucy Stone 1818-1893 Unitarian feminist, suffragist, abolitionist; married Henry Brown Blackwell whose sisters were Elizabeth Blackwell and Emily Blackwell (both on this list) and whose brother Samuel Blackwell married Antoinette Brown Blackwell (also on this list); mother of Alice Stone Blackwell (also on this list) Sallie Holley 1818-1893 Unitarian abolitionist, educator Maria Mitchell 1818-1889 Unitarian astronomer Caroline Sturgis Tappan 1819-1868 Transcendentalist Unitarian poet, childrens author, sister of Ellen Sturgis Hooper (also on this list) Julia Ward Howe 1819-1910 Unitarian, Free Religious Association writer, poet, abolitionist, social reformer; author of Battle Hymn of the Republic; promoter of Mothers Day for Peace; mother of Laura E. Richards and married to Samuel Gridley Howe, founder of the Perkins School for the Blind, researcher Lydia Pinkham 1819-1883 Universalist (eclectic) patent medicine inventor, businesswoman, advertising writer, advice columnist Florence Nightingale 1820-1910 British Unitarian nurse; founded nursing as a modern profession; mathematician: invented the pie chart Mary Ashton Rice Livermore 1820-1905 lecturer,suffragist, temperance advocate, helped organize Civil War Sanitary Commission Susan Brownell Anthony 1820-1906 Unitarian and Quaker reformer, suffragist) Alice Cary1820-1871 Universalist author, poet, abolitionist, suffragist; sister of Phoebe Cary (also on this list) Clara Barton 1821-1912 Universalist American Red Cross founder Elizabeth Blackwell 1821-1910 Unitarian and Episcopalian physician, sister of Emily Blackwell, sister of Samuel Blackwell who was married to Antoinette Brown Blackwell, and of Henry Blackwell, married to Lucy Stone (Emily Blackwell, Antoinette Brown Blackwell, and Lucy Stone are on this list) Caroline Wells Healey Dall 1822-1912 Unitarian reformer, author Frances Power Cobbe 1822-1904 Unitarian (British) feminist, anti-vivisectionist Elizabeth Cabot Cary Agassiz 1822-1907 Unitarian scientist, author, educator, first president of Radcliffe College; married to Louis Agassiz Sarah Hammond Palfrey 1823-1914 writer; daughter of John Gorham Palfrey Phoebe Cary 1824-1871 Universalist poet, abolitionist, suffragist; sister of Alice Cary (also on this list) Ednah Dow Littlehale Cheney 1824-1904 Universalist, Unitarian, Free Religious Association civil rights activist, suffragist, editor, speaker Antoinette Brown Blackwell 1825-1921 Congregational and Unitarian minister minister, author, lecturer: possibly the first woman ordained as a Protestant minister in the US by a recognized denomination; later married Samuel Blackwell, brother of Elizabeth and Emily Blackwell and of Henry Blackwell who was married to Lucy Stone (Elizabeth and Emily Blackwell and Lucy Stone are on this list) Frances Ellen Watkins Harper 1825-1911 Unitarian writer, poet, abolitionist, feminist, temperance advocate Emily Blackwell 1826-1910 Unitarian physician, sister of Elizabeth Blackwell, of Samuel Blackwell who was married to Antoinette Brown Blackwell, and of Henry Blackwell who was married to Lucy Stone (Lucy Stone, Elizabeth Blackwell, and Antoinette brown Blackwell are on this list) Matilda Joslyn Gage 1826-1898 Unitarian suffragist, reformer; her daughter Maud married L. Frank Baum, author of The Wizard of Oz. Gage retained her membership in the Baptist church; later became a Theosophist. [picture] Maria Cummins 1827-1866 Unitarian author Barbara Bodichon 1827-1891 Unitarian (British) artist, landscape watercolorist; writer, cofounder of Griton college; feminist activist Phebe Ann Coffin Hanaford 1829-1921 Universalist minister, author, poet, suffragist; cousin of Lucretia Mott (also on this list) Abigail May Williams 1829-1888 Emily Dickinson 1830-1886 Transcendentalist poet; Thomas Wentworth Higginson, Unitarian minister, was an important figure in her career Helen Hunt Jackson 1830-1885 Transcendentalist author; proponent of Indian rights; no church connection as an adult Louisa May Alcott 1832-1888 Transcendentalist author, poet; best known for Little Women Jane Andrews 1833-1887 Unitarian educator, childrens author Rebecca Sophia Clarke 1833 -1906 Unitarian childrens author Annie Adams Field 1834-1915 Unitarian author, literary hostess, charity worker; married to James Fields, editor of the Atlantic; after his death lived with Sarah Orne Jewitt, author Olympia Brown 1835-1926 Universalist minister, suffragist Augusta Jane Chapin 1836-1905 Universalist minister, activist; one of the chief organizers of the Parliament of the Worlds Religions, 1893, especially of participation of many women of a variety of faiths in this event Ada C. Bowles 1836-1928 Universalist suffragist, abolitionist, temperance supporter, home economist Fanny Baker Ames 1840-1931 Unitarian charity organizer; suffragist, teacher; leader of the Unitarian Womens Auxiliary Conference Charlotte Champe Stearns Eliot 1843-1929 Unitarian author, reformer; father-in-law was William Greenleaf Eliot, Unitarian minister and founder of Washington University, St. Louis; son was T.S. Eliot, poet Eliza Tupper Wilkes 1844-1917 Universalist and Unitarian minister Emma Eliza Bailey 1844-1920 Universalist Universalist minister) Celia Parker Woolley 1848-1919 Unitarian, Free Religious Association minister,social reformer Ida Husted Harper 1851-1931 Unitarian journalist, historian and biographer and press expert for the woman suffrage movement Anna Garlin Spencer 1851-1931 Free Religious Association minister, writer, educator, NAACP founder, social reformer; also wife of Unitarian minister William B. Spencer; though Spencer was associated with Unitarian, Universalist, and Ethical Culture congregations, she identified with the broader free religion Mary Augusta Safford 1851-1927 Unitarian minister Eleanor Elizabeth Gordon 1852-1942 Unitarian minister Maud Howe Elliott 1854-1948 Unitarian author, social reformer; daughter of Julia Ward Howe (also on this list) Maria Baldwin 1856-1922 Unitarian educator, reformer, first African American woman principal Harriot Stanton Blatch 1856-1940 Unitarian suffragist; daughter of Elizabeth Cady Stanton (also on this list) Alice Stone Blackwell 1857-1950 Unitarian suffragist, reformer; daughter of Lucy Stone (also on this list) and Henry Brown Blackwell Fannie Farmer 1857-1915 Unitarian (and Universalist?) cookbook author, teacher of cooking and dietetics; first to write recipes wit exact measurements Ida C. Hultin 1858-1938 Unitarian and Universalist minister; spoke at 1893 Parliament of the Worlds Religions Caroline Julia Bartlett Crane 1858-1935 Unitarian minister, social reformer, sanitation reformer Carrie Clinton Chapman Catt 1859-1947 Unitarian connections suffragist, pacifist, founder of League of Women Voters Ellen Gates Starr 1859-1940 Unitarian roots, converted to Roman Catholicism co-founder of Hull House, labor activist, Socialist Charlotte Perkins Stetson Gilman 1860-1935 Unitarian (feminist, speaker, author of Herland, The Yellow Wallpaper) Jane Addams 1860-1935 Presbyterian social reformer, settlement house founder; author of Twenty Years at Hull House; attended All Souls Unitarian Church in Chicago and the Ethical Culture Society in Chicago for many years; was briefly an Interim Lecturer at the Ethical Society; retained her membership in a Presbyterian congregation Florence Buck 1860-1925 Unitarian minister, religious educator, writer Kate Cooper Austin1864-1902 Universalist, freethinker feminist, anarchist, writer Alice Ames Winter 1865-1944 Unitarian Womans Club leader, author; daugher of Fanny Baker Ames (also on this list) Beatrix Potter 1866-1943 Unitarian (British) artist, author; wrote Peter Rabbit series Emily Greene Balch 1867-1961 Unitarian, Quaker 1946 Nobel Prize for Peace; economist, pacifist, a founder of the Womens International League for Peace and Freedom Katherine Philips Edson 1870-1933 Unitarian suffragist, reformer, labor arbitrator (Sara) Josephine Baker 1873-1945 Unitarian health reformer, physician, public health administrator Amy Lowell 1874-1925 Unitarian poet Edna Madison McDonald Bonser 1875-1949 Universalist minister, religious educator; first woman minister in Illinois Clara Cook Helvie 1876-1969 minister Sophia Lyon Fahs 1876-1978 Unitarian Universalist religious educator, minister Ida Maud Cannon 1877-1960 Unitarian social worker; known as founder of medical social work Margaret Sanger 1883-1966 birth control advocate, social reformer Marjorie M. Brown 1884-1987 Unitarian (uthor, Lady in Boomtown Maja V. Capek 1888-1966 Unitarian (Czechoslovakian) Unitarian minister; helped create the Flower Communion and introduce it to Unitarians in America and Europe Margaret Barr 1897? - 1973 Unitarian (British) educator, administrator, helped create Unitarian church movement in Khasi Hills, India; friend of Gandhi May Sarton 1912-1995 Unitarian Universalist poet, author Sylvia Plath poet Malvina Reynolds songwriter, folksinger Frances Moore Lappe author, nutritionist, activist: wrote Diet for a Small Planet Jewel Graham Unitarian Universalist social welfare educator; President, World YWCA

Philosophy Life and Death Free Essay Example, 750 words

ï » ¿Philosophy Life and Death Gilgamesh, in the Epic of Gilgamesh, is on a journey to find the cure for death after becoming distressed with the feeling that he too would someday die. After an unsuccessful search, he finally meets Utnapishtim, who gives him the right cure for death, a spiky plant (McCaughrean & Parkins 15). However, on his way back home, an old snake eats the spiky plant and becomes young. He thus loses his chance of becoming immortal. From Gilgamesh, there are two world views that emerge from people and beings. First, as much as all human beings desire to live forever, the fact is that everyone will get old and die. However, when people can be given chances to become immortal, then they will immediately accept the chances to live forever, but the fact is that nobody can resist death. Secondly, nobody easily accepts death, and people usually do what they can, to survive difficult situations. This is the reason as to why many people readily pay for expensive medical covers, to safeguard their liv es, and even drink chemical concoctions to conquer death. We will write a custom essay sample on Philosophy Life and Death or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page This also applies to death too; when we expect it, then we will not bother us. Lao-tzu’s â€Å"Tao Te Ching†, is an extremely difficult piece to interpret and understand due to the repletion used, and use of highly difficult-to-interpret symbolism. According to my understanding â€Å"tao† apparently means road or way. In other words, it is a way of doing things. Similarly, â€Å"tao† has some etymologic relationships with the moon. This further indicates how this â€Å"way or road†, is beyond people’s understanding and description. For example, according to Stephen Mitchell’s translation of this piece, it is written, â€Å"The tao that can be told is not the eternal tao† (Lao-tzu 1), meaning â€Å"tao† is not Buddha, but is something that cannot be changed liked kindness and justice. Additionally, â€Å"tao† is not a spiritual being; however, when it enters the myriad state of being, it remains in a non-being state. I guess Lao-tzu is describing some life’s unavoidable experiences suc h as death. It is something that every human being will face; therefore, everybody must be psychologically prepared to meet its wrath. The first noble of truth is â€Å"life means suffering† (McDougall 7). This is because human being, including the world we live in, is not perfect. Additionally, people usually suffer from sickness, pain, old age, injury, and eventually, death, during their life time (McDougall 7). Moreover, people have to endure psychological suffering such as frustration, depression, sadness, fear, and disappointments. The second noble of truth is â€Å"the origin of suffering is attachment† (McDougall 7). According to this noble truth, suffering originates from attachment to ignorance and transient things. Transient things include physical objects and all objects of an individual’s perception. Ignorance, on the other hand, is the lack of understanding of how the mind is attached to impermanent objects (McDougall 7). The third noble truth is â€Å"The cessation of suffering is attainable† (McDougall 8). This noble truth asserts that suffering can be adjourned by attaini ng dispassion, in other words, by removing the cause of suffering. The last noble truth is â€Å"the path to the cessation of suffering† (McDougall 8). This path is a gradual path of self-improvement. It falls in between extremes of excessive self-mortification (asceticism) and excessive self-indulgence (hedonism) (McDougall 8). This path is believed to extend an individual’s lifetimes. Shankara suggested that the Veda is the eternal truth, and in relation to this, posed a question of what is the nature of Brahman and the self (atman) (George 353). He argues that there is a remarkable distinction between the world in, which we live, and our innermost self. This is because the world is multiple, and it provides us with multiple opportunities and real experiences (George 353). Therefore, a person’s nature of life can fuel the process of reincarnation since liberation is possible, and it can be achieved through undertaking certain meditative activities (George 353). Works Cited George V. A. Paths to The Divine: Ancient and Indian. New York: CRVP, 2008. Print Lao-tzu. "Tao Te Ching. " From a translation by S. Mitchell (1995): 1. Print McCaughrean G, Parkins D. The Epic of Gilgamesh. New York: Alban Books Limited, 2003. Print McDougall G. The Four Noble Truths, Volume 1: Volume 1: the Foundation of Buddhist Thought. London: Wisdom Publications, 2005. Print Montaigne M. A Handbook To The Essays Of Michel de Montaigne. Kila: Kessinger Publishing, 2005. Print

BRIC Countries Free Essays

While the United States and Japan still remains as an economic powerhouse, countries like Brazil, Russia, India, and China, collectively known as the BRIC countries, are seemingly headed for that same route. According to a thesis published by Goldman Sachs Investment Bank, the economy of these four countries are slowly improving and is likely to surpass the existing developed countries in the world by 2050. Aside from these four, there are other emerging markets namely BRIMC (including Mexico), BRICS (with South Africa), BRICA (the four countries and Arab nations like Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, UAE, Qatar, and Bahrain), and BICET( with Eastern Europe as well as Turkey)(Prado, 2008). We will write a custom essay sample on BRIC Countries or any similar topic only for you Order Now The Global Outlook Jim O’Neill, who was the economist who proposed the thesis, forecasted that come 2050, the BRIC countries would have constituted more than 39 percent of world population and generated a collective GDP of $15. 43 trillion. At present, they only account for 15 percent of the world’s gross national product (GNP) compared to that of the six industrialized economies of the US, Germany, Japan, France, Italy, and Britain. However, it is predicted that despite their growing population, the BRIC countries would overtake these countries and become the leading countries as far as increasing growth and spending ability is concerned(Prado, 2008). BRIC Countries 4 Although not regarded as a political alliance (like the EU) or formal trading blocs such as the ASEAN, the BRIC countries have made great strides in strengthening their cooperation, in order to influence the stand of the United States on major trade treaties, such as the proposed nuclear partnership with India(Prado, 2008). Despite of their cultural and political variations, the BRIC countries have shifted their political system in order to be globally competitive in a capitalist world(Prado, 2008). A Second Goldman Sachs Report In 2004, Goldman Sachs published a follow-up to its first BRIC research. In the second report, it was found out that people who have a yearly income of more than the $3,000 threshold will be twice as much in a span of three years and 800 million in ten years. This shows that there is huge increase in the amount of middle class in these states. By 2025, according to the second report, the number of people with an income of more than $15,000 would surpass the 200 million mark(Prado, 2008). However, the follow-up report likewise indicated that despite the shift in the economic growth, the average income in developed countries will remain higher compared to those in the BRIC countries(Prado, 2008). Responding To The Development A report released by PriceWaterhouse Coopers believes that investors must now set their sights on the BRIC countries as it presents a bright future for growth potentials. Economic growth has shifted from the United States and Europe to emerging countries BRIC Countries 5 like China and India. This was based from an observation by John Hawskworth, chief of the macroeconomics division of PricewaterhouseCoopers(Gorringe, 2008). According to forecasts, China would emerge as the biggest economy by 2025 replacing the United States and sustain their growth to 130% come 2050. Similarly, the economy of India would surpass that of the US by 90% in 2050. Brazil will move to number four dislodging Japan. Russia, along with Mexico and Indonesia, may become larger than the economy of Germany and the United Kingdom(Gorringe, 2008). It is worth mentioning that other emerging economies have been included in the list of Pricewaterhouse Coopers as potential growth areas. Among them are Vietnam, Nigeria, Bangladesh, Egypt, Philippines, and Turkey. Vietnam, in particular, has shown tremendous economic growth at 10% per annum. Come 2050, its economy would be 70% larger than the United Kingdom(Gorringe, 2008). Among the BRIC countries, China and India have shown the most significant improvement in terms of their economy. Although their population is over 1 billion, Chinese and Indian economy have grown rapidly. For China, the growth rate is at 10 percent per annum since 1980. India, for its part, registered a 9% growth in its economy in 2006. The combined output of the two countries went up from 6. 7% to 21. 3% from 1980 to 2005. According to predictions, world economy will be focused on China in the year 2015 and India by 2030(Gorringe, 2008). BRIC Countries 6 Over the years, the United States have become the major trading partner of both developed and developing countries. However, this is no longer the case, as many countries have now realized the potential that the BRIC countries have as a region of growth. For instance, the United States have long dominated the scrap market industry, but now China has become a major competitor in the manufacture and distribution of recyclable materials. India, likewise, is a new alternative as far as the scrap market is concerned(Sandoval, 2005). On the other hand, Russia and Brazil have become a major source of raw materials. The significance of the BRIC partnership is that China and India can source their raw materials from Russia and Brazil(Prado, 2008). Although the economy of Brazil is still dependent on the United States, its local currency is doing well. In fact, during the past years, it has outperformed even the Euro(Mason, 2008). Conclusion Gone are the days when the United States dominated world economy. With emerging economies such as the BRIC, the time will come when the playing field as far as global economy is concerned will become level, with each country having their own share of economic growth. Pretty soon, the United States will eventually have to learn how to trade with other countries all over again. The emergence of the BRIC countries is a clear sign that potential growth is no longer concentrated on developed countries and that the balance of economy is veering away towards developing nations outside of North America and Europe. BRIC Countries 7 References Bustelo, P. The Economic Rise of China and India and its Implications for Spain. Real Instituto Elcano. 2007 August 8. Retrieved June 30 2008 from http://www. realinstitutoelcano. org/wps/portal/rielcano_in/Content? WCM_GLOBAL_CONTEXT=/Elcano_in/Zonas_in/DT+31-2007 Gorringe, J. Investors Should Look Beyond BRIC Countries, Says PwC. Law and Tax-News. com. 2008 March 10. Retrieved from http://www. lawandtax-news. com/asp/story. asp? storyname=30242 Mason, J. BRIC Is For Real. Seeking Alpha. 2008 May 19. Retrieved June 30 2008 from http://seekingalpha. com/article/77727-bric-is-for-real Prado, T. The BRIC Thesis. What About Brazil. com. 2008 March 20. Retrieved June 30 2008 from http://www. whataboutbrazil. com/the-bric-thesis/ Sandoval, D. Shrinking World: The Growth of the BRIC Countries Is Making The World A Smaller Place(Brazil, Russia, India, and China). 2005 September 1. Retrieved June 30 2008 from http://goliath. ecnext. com/coms2/gi_0199-4753169/Shrinking-world-the-growth-of. html How to cite BRIC Countries, Papers

President Andrew Jackson Essays - Cherokee Nation,

President Andrew Jackson President Andrew Jackson Like any hall of fame, its inductees are the best in whatever they do, from baseball or football to something like being President. If you are a member of any hall of fame (including the one for the Presidents), it means that you have done something special or have a certain quality about yourself that makes you worthy to be in a hall of fame. My nominee for the Presidents hall of Fame is our seventh President of the United States, Andrew Jackson. I'll go over his presidency, focusing on both the highs and the lows of his two terms in office, from 1829-1837. The issues that I'll focus on are states' rights, nullification, the tariff, the spoils system, Indian removal and banking policies; these controversies brought forth strong rivalry over his years of president. He was known for his iron will and fiery personality, and strong use of the powers of his office that made his years of presidency to be known as the "Age of Jackson." Andrew Jackson was born on March 15, 1767, in a settlement on the border of North and South Carolina. He was orphaned at age 14. After studying law and becoming a member of the Bar in North Carolina later he moved to Nashville Tennessee. Their he became a member of a powerful political faction led by William Blount. He was married in 1791 to Rachel Donelson Robards, and later remarried to him due to a legal mistake in her prior divorce in 1794. Jackson served as delegate to Tenn. in the 1796 Constitutional convention and a congressman for a year (from 1796-97). He was elected senator in 1797, but financial problems forced him to resign and return to Tennessee in less than a year. Later he served as a Tennessee superior court judge for six years starting in 1798. In 1804 he retired from the bench and moved to Nashville and devoted time to business ventures and his plantation. At this time his political career looked over. In 1814 Jackson was a Major General in the Tennessee Militia, here he was ordered to march against the Creek Indians (who were pro-British in the war of 1812). His goal was achieved at Horseshoe Bend in March of 1814. Eventually he forced All Indians from the area. His victory's impressed some people in Washington and Jackson was put in command of the defense of New Orleans. This show of American strength made Americans feel proud after a war filled with military defeats. Jackson was given the nickname "Old Hickory", and was treated as a national hero. In 1817 he was ordered against the Seminole Indians. He pushed them back into Spanish Florida and executed two British subjects. Jackson instead that his actions were with approval of the Monroe administration. His actions helped to acquire the Florida territory, and he became a provisional governor of Florida that same year. In 1822 the Tennessee Legislature nominated him for president and the following year he was elected the U.S. senate. He also nearly won the presidential campaign of 1824 however as a result of the "corrupt bargain" with Henry Clay. Over the next four years the current administration built a strong political machine with nationalistic policies and a lack of concern of states rights. In 1828 through a campaign filled with mud slinging on both sides, Andrew Jackson became the seventh President to the United States. Instead of the normal cabinet made up by the president, he relied more on an informal group of newspaper writers and northern politicians who had worked for his election. I believe that this made him more in contact with the people of the United States, more in contact with the public opinion and feelings toward national issues President Jackson developed the system of "rotation in office." This was used to protect the American people from a development of a long-standing political group by removing long-term office holders. His enemies accused him of corruption of civil service for political reasons. However, I think that it was used to insure loyalty of the people in his administration. States rights played an important part in Jackson's policy's as president. In the case of the Cherokee Indians vs. The State of Georgia, two Supreme Court decisions in 1831 and 1832 upholding the rights of the Cherokee nation over the State of Georgia who had wanted to destroy Cherokee jurisdiction on it's land because gold had been found on it, and the state seeing the Indians as tenants on state land decided to "kick them out". Chief Justice